Rx Opioid Misuse Rare in Children with Sickle Cell Disease

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Children with sickle cell disease show no signs of misusing or becoming addicted to opioids after being treated for an acute pain crisis, according to a new study.

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to form in a crescent or sickle shape, which creates painful blockages in blood vessels – known as a vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) -- that can lead to seizures, strokes and organ failure. About 100,000 Americans live with sickle cell disease, primarily people of African or Hispanic descent.

In a retrospective cohort study involving 725 children with sickle cell disease (SCD), researchers at Georgia State University found “no concerning patterns of long-term or increasing use of opioids” within 3 years of their first opioid prescription.

A VOC is a life-threatening condition that is the most common reason for an SCD patient to visit a hospital or emergency room. Guidelines for emergency VOC treatment call for opioids and other analgesics to be administered with one hour. However, due to the stigma associated with opioids and fears of addiction, many SCD patients face long delays before receiving treatment, as well as discrimination and suspicion that they are seeking opioids to get high.

The study findings, published in JAMA Pediatrics, found little evidence to justify those fears. In the 725 children who were studied – all under the age of nine – only one pattern of low opioid use was found.  Most of the children used opioids sparingly, with only one in four (25.4%) having an opioid prescription for codeine or hydrocodone filled for them within five days of being discharged from a hospital after a VOC.

Researchers say more studies are needed to determine whether the limited use of opioids shows the effectiveness of nonopioid pain management or highlights “an unintended and potentially harmful treatment access problem” caused by opioid phobia.

"Because of the opioid epidemic, it's important to make sure that people understand that when giving prescriptions for children with sickle cell disease, you aren't creating folks who are going to misuse opioids," lead author Angela Snyder, PhD, of the Georgia Health Policy Center at Georgia State University, told MedPage Today.

In 2020, a report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine called for major changes in the way sickle cell disease is treated in the United States, including an end to the discrimination and stigma that many sickle cell patients face.

Sickle Cell Patients Face Life-Threatening ER Waits

By Sara Hutchinson, KFF Health News

Heather Avant always dresses up when she goes to the emergency room.

“I’ve been conditioned to act and behave in a very specific way,” said Avant. “I try to do my hair. I make sure I shower, have nice clothes. Sometimes I put on my University of Michigan shirt.”

HEATHER AVANT

It’s a strategy to combat discrimination the 42-year-old photographer in Mesquite, Texas, has developed over a lifetime of managing her sickle cell disease, a rare blood disorder that affects an estimated 100,000 Americans.

The hereditary condition can affect a person of any race or ethnicity, but Black patients, like Avant, make up the majority of those afflicted in the U.S.

For people living with the disease, a sickle cell crisis can happen at any time. When it does, their rigid, sickle-shaped red blood cells become stuck in their blood vessels, blocking flow and causing extreme pain or breathing difficulties.

A crisis can escalate into life-threatening complications such as strokes, seizures, and sepsis.

When a pain crisis can’t be managed at home, patients head to the ER to get the high dosage of opioids they need, in addition to IVs to help with dehydration or even blood transfusions. Yet staffers in emergency departments — already overextended and grappling with nursing shortages — don’t always have experience in treating the rare disease. And many doctors, amid a still-raging opioid crisis, remain resistant to prescribing the painkillers necessary to treat sickle cell crises.

As a result, patients with sickle cell disease often face long delays before receiving essential ER care, plus discrimination and suspicion that they are seeking drugs to get high.

“I have to look like I’m not coming in here off the street looking for medication,” said Avant. “I have to put on an entire show to get you to believe that I need care.”

Long Waits

Years of research have documented the delays. A study published in 2013 found that patients seeking care from 2003 through 2008 at an ER for their sickle cell crises waited 50% longer than patients who arrived with broken legs or arms.

Another study published in 2021 found that 50% of sickle cell patients reported having to wait at least two hours before their pain was treated, despite medical guidelines recommending such patients in crisis receive their first dose of pain medication no more than 60 minutes after arriving at the ER.

Medical associations such as the American Society of Hematology, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and the Emergency Nurses Association have established guidelines for emergency department-based care of sickle cell pain. And, in 2021, the Emergency Department Sickle Cell Care Coalition, a national collaboration of hematologists, pharmacists, and nurses, helped launch a point-of-care tool to help medical professionals manage the disease in the ER.

But patients and sickle cell experts said those best practices haven’t been widely adopted. A 2020 survey of nearly 250 emergency medicine providers found that 75% of them were unaware of the NHLBI’s recommendations, first published in 2014, yet 98% felt confident in their ability to treat patients with sickle cell disease.

Still, ER horror stories abound among adults with sickle cell disease. For Lesly Chavez, 29, a Houston hairstylist, her worst experience occurred a few years ago. She said she spent four hours in a waiting room before getting seen.

“And when they finally got to me, they told me they could help with ‘my addiction,’ but they decided that there was nothing that they could do for me,” Chavez said. “They just flat-out said no and sent me home while I was in crisis.”

Chavez said she has since avoided that hospital even though it’s 10 minutes from her home. Now she drives to an ER 30 minutes away.

Chavez, who is Hispanic, said she confronts “doubt everywhere I go” because sickle cell disease primarily affects Black Americans. (Those who are Hispanic can be of any race.)

Paula Tanabe, a professor of nursing at Duke University who has spent decades researching ways to improve care for sickle cell patients, said a confluence of factors adds to the racial bias patients may face.

“Emergency rooms are incredibly overcrowded, at rates that we have never seen before, and that’s for everyone,” said Tanabe.

‘People Are Going Uncounted’

Legislators are trying to help. A federal bill introduced in June would allocate $8.2 million annually for five years to a program that trains doctors on best practices for caring for sickle cell patients. Another, introduced this spring, would provide funding for community organizations working to spread awareness about the condition and give student loan relief to medical providers who commit to working on the disease. Some state legislatures have established sickle cell task forces to improve physician education and care coordination.

Advocates for sickle cell patients said investment in data collection to track the disease is also important. Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that some 100,000 Americans have it, the true number is unknown. That’s because no national system exists to collect data on sickle cell, unlike other conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer’s.

“I’m 32 and we’ve been saying it’s 100,000 my entire life,” said Quannecia McCruse, who co-founded the Sickle Cell Association of Houston. “I know there’s more. I know people are going uncounted.”

Eleven state-led data collection programs currently exist and, in February, the CDC opened a new grant application for additional states. Improved data would allow funding to be allocated toward the areas with the greatest need, sickle cell patient advocates said.

Texas had an opportunity to join those efforts. This spring, the state legislature passed a bill with broad bipartisan support to create a sickle cell patient registry, but Republican Gov. Greg Abbott vetoed it, saying it would compromise patient privacy.

“That was a bad excuse,” said McCruse. “We have a cancer registry already, and everyone’s information is safe. That registry would have gone a long way to help.”

While progress grinds slowly, patients like McCruse say they’re forced to balance advocating for themselves during bouts of excruciating pain against the need not to irritate or alienate hospital staffers.

“It feels like someone is taking a Taser and shocking the crap out of me. Or when it’s really bad, and it feels like shards of glass are just moving through my veins,” said the mother of two. “It’s very, very painful. And you’re telling somebody whose body is torturing them that it’s not that bad?”

Alexis Thompson, a hematologist who treats sickle cell patients at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said she works with her pediatric patients to develop self-advocacy skills. But sometimes that backfires.

“The great irony is patients who are well informed and capable of self-advocating are being accused of being manipulative, because they are capable of articulating very clearly what’s effective for them down to the name of the medication or the absolute dose,” Thompson said.

Sickle cell experts recommend that doctors adhere to a patient’s individual pain plan, if available. Thompson said those plans, which document patients’ diagnoses alongside a recommended medication and dosage, can be uploaded to online portals that patients can pull up on their cellphones when visiting an ER to verify what they need.

Patients such as Avant hope such steps can help decrease their ER waits while easing their anxiety about seeking emergency care.

“I don’t fear dying,” said Avant, “but I do fear dying in the hospital.”

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues.

Online Health Programs Help Reduce Pain

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Online health programs can help patients with chronic pain conditions learn how to manage their pain and other symptoms, according to two new studies. One “e-health” program even helped patients reduce their use of opioids.

Online pain self-management programs have proliferated in recent years due to the pandemic and greater acceptance of telemedicine, but few studies have assessed their effectiveness. The programs provide content similar to what a patient might receive from a pain psychologist — in-person treatment that often is not accessible or affordable for everyone.

In a small study at the University of California, Irvine (UCI), researchers recruited sickle cell patients through advertisements on Facebook, Reddit and other social media sites. Sickle cell disease is a painful genetic disorder that primarily affects people of African or Hispanic descent. Many sickle cell patients face stigma when they seek treatment for pain flares and have learned to distrust the healthcare system.

“Before the study, we were told sickle cell researchers thought online outreach to patients would not work as patients wouldn't trust the process,” said Sean Young, PhD, a professor in UCI’s Departments of Emergency Medicine and Informatics. “Surprisingly, we found it worked really well.”

Researchers recruited 32 young adult patients with sickle cell to watch a 20-minute video that taught mindfulness meditation. Afterward, participants were emailed links to additional audio recordings for ongoing practice. Patients rated their pain intensity, anxiety and depression before and after the mindfulness training.

“Patients with sickle cell disease struggle with pain, and unfortunately, they have few options for relief,” said Young. “We developed and tested a brief online intervention to teach them mindfulness and found that it helped their pain both immediately and for six weeks after they viewed the mindfulness exercise.”

The study findings, recently published in the journal Cureus, show that after six weeks of mindfulness training, pain intensity declined an average of 1.3 points, anxiety decreased by 1.8 points, and depression declined by 1.7 points.

Researchers think younger sickle cell patients feel more comfortable participating in e-health programs. About 97% of participants watched the full mindfulness video and a little over half listened to additional recordings.

Reduced Opioid Use 

The second study of an e-health program, published in the journal Pain, involved over 400 pain patients on long-term opioid treatment who were recruited by researchers at Washington State University. Half the participants watched a pain self-management program and the other half received treatment as usual, serving as a control group.

Patients in the e-health group watched an online course designed by a psychologist, called Goalistics Chronic Pain Management, which aims to help people manage their pain through cognitive behavioral therapy, exercise and relationship advice, as well as information about opioid use and risks.

After six months, over half the patients in the e-health group (53.6%) were able to reduce their opioid dose by 15% or more, compared to 42.3% of patients in the control group.

There was not much change in pain levels in either group. Pain intensity declined by at least two points in only 14.5% of e-health participants, and in 6.8% of the control group.

"These were very encouraging findings: not only were they reducing opioids but also their pain was not becoming worse," said lead author Marian Wilson, PhD, an Associate Professor of Nursing at WSU. "Some people are hesitant to stop their opioid medication because they fear their pain will increase, but we found that at least on average in this population, they could reduce their opioids a bit and not have increased pain symptoms."

Wilson and her colleagues also observed the e-health patients improved their knowledge about pain, confidence in managing it, and their coping skills.

"The idea is to put the patient in the driver's seat because we can give them a prescription for opioids, and that will work for a little while, but over time for chronic pain, it's not usually going to be the solution to fix all their troubles," she said.

The Goalistics e-health program currently has a monthly $30 fee, which usually is not covered by insurance. In addition to pain management, Goalistics also has an online self-management program for depression.

Apple Watch Can Predict Pain Levels

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

You can monitor a lot of health conditions with an Apple Watch, everything from your heart rate and blood oxygen levels to fitness and sleep patterns. Researchers at Duke University have found the watch could also be useful in predicting pain levels in people with sickle cell disease (SCD).

In a small study recently published by JMIR Formative Research, Duke researchers used the watches to collect health data from 20 adults with SCD and used machine learning computer models to predict their pain scores.

SCD is a genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to form in a crescent or sickle shape, which creates unpredictable and painful blockages in blood vessels known as vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). About 100,000 Americans live with SCD, primarily people of African or Hispanic descent.

Because VOC’s can lead to life-threatening infections, strokes and organ failure, knowing their intensity could lead to earlier treatment and save lives. VOCs are typically treated with pain medication and intravenous saline solutions to promote hydration.

The sickle cell patients in the study were all admitted Duke University’s SCD Day Hospital while experiencing a VOC and provided with an Apple Watch Series 3, which was worn for the duration of their visit. Data collected from the watch included their heart rate, heart rate variability and calorie consumption, which were then matched with pain scores and vital signs collected from their electronic medical records.

In all, a total of 15,683 data points were collected, which were then analyzed using three different machine learning techniques. The best performing one was the “random forest” model, which predicted pain scores with an accuracy of nearly 85 percent.

“The strong performance of the model in all metrics validates feasibility and the ability to use data collected from a noninvasive device, the Apple Watch, to predict the pain scores during VOCs,” wrote lead author Rebecca Sofia Stojancic, who works in the Sickle Cell Comprehensive Care Unit at Duke University Hospital. “It is a novel and feasible approach and presents a low-cost method that could benefit clinicians and individuals with sickle cell disease in the treatment of VOCs.”

The idea of using mobile health apps and wearable technology to predict pain scores isn’t a new one. The idea was first explored in 2019 by Duke researchers using a Microsoft Band 2 to collect data from sickle cell patients.

“The Microsoft Band 2 allowed easy collection of objective, physiologic markers during an acute pain crisis in adults with SCD. Features can be extracted from these data signals and matched with pain scores. Machine learning models can then use these features to feasibly predict patient pain scores,” researchers reported.

Could wearable devices be used someday to predict pain flares from other chronic health conditions? A handful of clinical studies have explored the use of smartphones, Fitbits and other devices to predict migraines and hospital readmissions for high-risk patients, but no results have been posted so far.

Sickle Cell Patients Make Difficult Choices About Fertility

By Farah Yousry, Kaiser Health News  

Teonna Woolford has always wanted six kids. Why six?

“I don’t know where that number came from. I just felt like four wasn’t enough,” said Woolford, a Baltimore resident. “Six is a good number.”

Woolford, 31, was born with sickle cell disease. The genetic disorder causes blood cells to become misshapen, which makes it harder for blood to carry oxygen and flow throughout the body. This can lead to strokes, organ damage, and frequent bouts of excruciating pain.

Sickle cell disease affects an estimated 100,000 people in the U.S., and the vast majority of them are Black. Federal and charitable dollars dedicated to fighting sickle cell disease pale in comparison to what is spent to combat other, less common diseases that mostly affect white patients.

Physicians and researchers said the disease is a stark example of the health inequities that pervade the U.S. health system. A poignant expression of this, patient advocates said, is the silence around the impact that sickle cell disease has on fertility and the lack of reproductive and sexual health care for the young people living with the complex disease.

Woolford’s sickle cell complications have run the gamut. By the time she was 15, her hip joints had become so damaged that she had to have both hips replaced. She depended on frequent blood transfusions to reduce pain episodes and vascular damage, and her liver was failing.

“So many complications, infections, hospitalizations, and so by the time I graduated high school, I just felt defeated [and] depressed,” said Woolford, speaking from a hospital bed in Baltimore.

She had experienced a sickle cell pain crisis a few days earlier and was receiving pain medication and intravenous fluids.

In her late teens, Woolford sought out a bone marrow transplant, a treatment that enables the sickle-shaped cells in the patient’s body to be replaced with healthy cells from a stem cell donor. The procedure comes with risks, and not everyone is eligible. It also relies on finding a compatible donor. But if it works, it can free a person from sickle cell disease forever.

Teonna Woolford

‘You’re Probably Already Infertile’

Woolford couldn’t find a perfect match, so she enrolled in a clinical trial in which doctors could use a “half-matched” donor. As part of the bone marrow transplant, patients first receive chemotherapy, which can impair or eliminate fertility. Woolford hesitated. After all, her ideal family included six children.

When she told her doctor about her worry, his response crushed her: “This doctor, he looked at me, and he was like, ‘Well, I’ll be honest, with all the complications you’ve already had from sickle cell, I don’t know why you’re even worried about this process making you infertile because you’re probably already infertile.’”

Even if patients don’t have the transplant, sickle cell disease can damage their bodies in ways that can affect their ability to have children, according to Dr. Leena Nahata, a pediatric endocrinologist at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Ohio.

For women, chronic inflammation and the sickling of blood cells in the ovaries can make getting pregnant harder. For men, sickled blood can jam inside the blood vessels of the penis, causing painful, unwanted erections that last for hours. This condition, called priapism, can damage sexual function and decrease sperm count. And it’s not just the disease. Researchers are evaluating how some widely used treatments may affect fertility — for example, by decreasing sperm count.

“It remains unclear how that translates directly to fertility outcomes but at least raises the concern that this may be an issue,” Nahata said. Even more concerning to Nahata were the results of a small study, which she co-authored, that showed some patients were unaware of the many fertility risks related to sickle cell disease.

Woolford said she was 19 and shocked when her doctor told her she was probably already infertile. But no one could be sure, so she held out hope that she might still undergo a procedure to preserve her fertility before having the chemotherapy required for the bone marrow transplant.

From extensive research, she learned that egg freezing could cost more than $10,000 and that her insurance wouldn’t cover it. She couldn’t afford to do it on her own. Woolford wondered whether she could find another way to pay for egg freezing. “So I started looking into financial resources,” she said. “And I saw all these foundations [that] give away grants. But you had to have a diagnosis of cancer.”

In the end, Woolford had the transplant without freezing her eggs. She said she felt that being cured would “be a fair trade-off to give up my dream of biological children.”

Unfortunately, the partial-match transplant did not work. Woolford’s body rejected it.

“So, here I am,” she said. “I am 30, still have sickle cell disease, and I’m infertile.”

Fertility Preservation and Reproductive Justice

A grim thought sometimes pops into Woolford’s mind: If she had cancer instead of sickle cell disease, her dreams of having biological children might still come true.

The first description of sickle cell disease in medical literature was published over a century ago. Because most sickle cell patients in the U.S. were Black, it quickly became labeled as a “Black disease.” And with that came a legacy of systemic racism that still affects patients today.

Black patients tend to have less social capital and fewer resources, said Dr. Lydia Pecker, a sickle cell disease researcher and an assistant professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University. For fertility treatment, the resources available to cancer patients differ starkly from those available to sickle cell patients.

“There are any number of foundations, large and small, that help support and pay for fertility preservation for people with cancer,” Pecker said. “Those foundations actually work with fertility preservation centers to negotiate lower rates for affected people.”

Clear clinical guidelines state that children who have cancer and are going through chemotherapy should be referred for fertility preservation. Children with sickle cell disease going through transplants are exposed to chemotherapy, too, “but we don’t really have guidelines like that yet for people with sickle cell disease,” Pecker said.

It’s not a perfect comparison, she added, because the kinds of chemotherapy drugs used in pediatric cancer are different from the chemotherapies used in sickle cell treatment. But fertility preservation can be crucial when there is any risk of treatment-associated fertility impairment, Pecker said. Without clear and widely adopted clinical guidelines, sickle cell patients may not be referred to appropriate care.

Pecker said current medical practice forces sickle cell patients to make a difficult choice. “You can have treatment or you can have fertility,” she said. But in cancer care, she said, the thought is: You can have treatment and you can have fertility.

In the U.S., health insurance coverage for fertility preservation and treatment is not guaranteed and varies from state to state. Only 12 states have laws that mandate fertility preservation coverage for patients who undergo treatments that could imperil their ability to have biological children — usually referred to as iatrogenic treatments — like chemotherapy or radiation.

After Woolford’s transplant failed, the disease continued its assault on her body. And Woolford has had to come to terms with the impossibility of ever having a biological child. She launched a nonprofit, the Sickle Cell Reproductive Health Education Directive, to raise awareness of fertility issues at medical conferences and among patients. A future goal is to provide financial grants to sickle cell patients struggling to pay for fertility preservation and treatments.

Most days, Woolford finds the work empowering. On other days, she admitted, it reminds her of the bleak reality that she will probably never conceive a child.

“It’s really hard because I don’t think a lot of people realize that I’m fighting for something that I didn’t have access to,” she said.

At this point, she said, it’s no longer a medical justice fight. It’s a reproductive justice one.

Reporting for this story was supported by the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism’s Impact Fund for Reporting on Health Equity and Health Systems. It was produced in partnership with Side Effects Public Media, WFYI, and Kaiser Health News.

Steroids Raise Risk of Hospitalization for Sickle Cell Patients

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

People with sickle cell disease who are prescribed a corticosteroid – an anti-inflammatory medicine often used to treat pain – are significantly more likely to be hospitalized with a severe pain episode, according to a new study.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to form in a crescent or sickle shape, which creates painful blockages in blood vessels known as vaso-occlusive episodes (VOE), which can lead to infections, strokes and organ failure. About 100,000 Americans live with SCD, primarily people of African or Hispanic descent.

“Individuals living with SCD often suffer crippling episodes of pain, which can greatly impair their quality of life,” said Ondine Walter, MD, of Toulouse University Hospital in France, lead author of the study published in the journal Blood.

Walter and her colleagues looked at medical data for over 5,100 patients with SCD in the French National Health Insurance Database between 2010 and 2018. Patients had to have at least one hospitalization for VOE to be included, and their corticosteroid exposure was identified using outpatient prescribing records.

Researchers found that patients exposed to a corticosteroid in the month prior to a pain flare were nearly four times more likely to be hospitalized for VOE than those who did not get a steroid. The median time between filling a prescription for a corticosteroid and hospitalization was just five days.

Nearly half the patients (46%) were prescribed a corticosteroid during the study period, an indication of just how common steroid treatment is for SCD. Walter said the results demonstrate the need for better education of clinicians and patients about the potential risks of corticosteroids, especially when there isn’t a clear reason to use them.

“Based on our data, corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for conditions unrelated to their underlying SCD. Vaso-occlusive events and related hospitalization appear to follow corticosteroid prescription fairly quickly. This evidence suggests corticosteroids may be contributing to the events and should be avoided as much as possible in these patients,” Walter said. “Corticosteroids are mostly easy to avoid, and in circumstances when they are necessary, it’s important to start them in collaboration with an SCD expert and to take all appropriate precautionary measures to administer them safely.”

The American Society of Hematology’s Clinical Practice Guideline recommends against using corticosteroids for acute pain in SCD patients.

The French research team also found that SCD patients taking the drug hydroxyurea had about half the risk of being hospitalized for VOE than those not taking it, which may indicate the drug has a protective effect. Hydroxyurea is often prescribed to SCD patients to reduce the number of pain flares and the need for blood transfusions. Men benefited from hydroxyurea more than women and children.

It’s not uncommon for someone with SCD to visit an emergency room a few times each year due to acute pain or complications such as anemia. Many are disappointed by the experience. A 2021 survey of SCD patients in the U.S. found that nearly two-thirds felt ER staff were rude, ignorant or misinformed about sickle cell disease, didn’t take their pain seriously or believed they were drug seekers.

Experimental Gene Therapy Could Cure Sickle Cell Disease

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Experimental gene therapy is helping sickle cell patients develop normal red blood cells and could potentially be a cure for the disease, according to research recently published in The New England Journal of Medicine.

In early-stage Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, 25 patients treated with a gene therapy called LentiGlobin produced stable amounts of red blood cells containing hemoglobin after a single infusion. 

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to form in a crescent or sickle shape, which creates painful blockages in blood vessels that can lead to anemia, infections, strokes and organ failure. About 100,000 Americans live with sickle cell disease, primarily people of African or Hispanic descent.

Unlike other gene therapies that edit or silence genes, LentiGlobin adds a modified gene that reprograms the diseased blood cells.  

“In this therapy, we do not change or edit the gene that causes sickle cell disease,” says Julie Kanter, MD, director of the UAB Adult Sickle Cell Clinic. “Instead, we use a viral vector to deliver a new gene that will make a healthy hemoglobin — a beta hemoglobin — into the stem cell. This is like coding new instructions into the cell.”

The new hemoglobin -- called HbAT87Q -- is slightly different from regular hemoglobin and is less likely to cause red blood cells to be misshaped.  The HbAT87Q can also be measured more accurately inside the cell, allowing doctors to know how much of the new hemoglobin a patient is making on their own.

Although the gene therapy looks promising, researchers say more advanced studies are needed to make sure LentiGlobin is safe and effective long-term. 

“In an earlier part of this study, we were not able to get enough of the new gene into each cell,” explained Kanter. This caused the blood cells to be stressed and for some patients to still have symptoms of sickle cell disease. Two patients in the initial group developed leukemia.  

“We need to see that we have fixed this problem, says Kanter. “We also need to make sure this procedure both reduces pain/stops all pain crisis and prevents organ damage from sickle cell. This will take time. We will have to watch people for the next two to 15 years and measure their organ function compared to those who did not get this therapy.”

A 2020 report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine called for major changes in the way sickle cell disease is treated in the U.S. Compared to other chronic illnesses, stem cell disease has received little attention from the healthcare community, resulting in a lag in the development of new treatments.

Many stem cell patients also feel stigmatized when they have a pain flare and go to an emergency room, because ER staff are often ignorant about the disease and believe patients are seeking drugs.

“People with sickle cell disease have endured unnecessary hardship for more than 100 years. They have fewer medications and therapies than many other diseases and have received much less attention and funding. We need new and better options for people with sickle cell disease,” said Kanter.

Bone marrow and stem cell transplants are currently the only cures for sickle cell disease, but it’s often difficult to find good donors. Fewer than one in five people with the disease have compatible donors.

Most Sickle Cell Patients Face Stigma During ER Visits

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Nearly two-thirds of people with sickle cell disease in the U.S. feel judged and stigmatized when they visit an emergency department due to a pain flare, according to a new survey by Health Union.

About 100,000 Americans live with sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic disorder that mainly affects people of African or Hispanic descent. SCD causes red blood cells to form in a crescent or sickle shape, which can create blockages in blood vessels that cause intense pain.  It’s not uncommon for someone with SCD to visit an ER a few times each year due to pain or complications such as anemia, stroke, infection and organ failure.

Health Union surveyed 111 people living with SCD to share their experiences dealing with the disease and how they are perceived by healthcare professionals, coworkers, teachers, friends and family members. Most said they did not feel judged or stigmatized by others – except when dealing with ER staff.

Many felt ER staff were rude, ignorant or misinformed about sickle cell disease, didn’t take their pain seriously, and believed they were drug seekers. Nearly half of those surveyed (43%) said they avoided going to the ER because they worried that people would judge them.

“A doctor judged me during a hospitalization. He stated I wasn’t in that much pain to be using Dilaudid. He also stated I was drug seeking because a sickle cell crisis can be managed with Motrin. His statement is not true!” one participant told Health Union.

Sickle cell patients had an entirely different take on their pharmacists, hematologists and primary care providers. Over half (53%) trusted their providers and felt their primary care doctors were friendly, understanding, easy to talk to, and provided excellent care.

"Navigating the healthcare system can already be complex, but undergoing such wildly different experiences can make access to reliable, timely, effective care even more difficult for people with sickle cell disease," said Olivier Chateau, Health Union's co-founder and CEO.

The finding that many people are not happy with their pain treatment in hospitals is not unique to sickle cell patients.  A 2016 PNN survey of over 1,250 hospitalized pain patients found that most felt they were labeled as addicts or drug seekers. Over 80% believed hospital staff were not adequately trained in pain management and over half rated the quality of pain care in hospitals as poor or very poor.  

A report last year by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine found that sickle cell patients often face discrimination and stigma when navigating the healthcare system. The report found that SCD received little attention from the healthcare community compared to other chronic illnesses. To get proper treatment, many sickle cell patients have to educate themselves about their disease and become their own advocates.

The Health Union survey found that nearly three out of four sickle cell patients (73%) were currently using a prescription analgesic. Many others took prescription strength NSAIDs (35%), muscle relaxants (23%) or anti-anxiety/antidepressant drugs (16%). Only 5% said they experienced an issue with substance abuse.

Report Calls for Overhaul of Sickle Cell Treatment

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

A new report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine is calling for major changes in the way sickle cell disease is treated in the United States, including an end to the discrimination and stigma that many sickle cell patients face while navigating the healthcare system.

About 100,000 Americans live with sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic disorder that mainly affects people of African or Hispanic descent. SCD causes red blood cells to form in a crescent or sickle shape, which can create blockages in blood vessels that prevent the normal delivery of oxygen throughout the body. As a result, sickle cell patients often suffer from chronic pain, anemia, infections, strokes and organ failure.

Compared to other chronic illnesses, SCD has received little attention from the healthcare community, resulting in a lag in the development of new treatments. Until 2018, only one drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat sickle cell patients. Bone marrow and stem cell transplants are currently the only curative therapies for SCD.

“People with sickle cell disease show incredible resilience. They often have to become their own advocate to get the treatment and services they deserve — whether in the health care system, at school, at work, or in the community,” said Marie McCormick, MD, a pediatrician and professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, who chaired the committee that wrote the report.

Addressing Sickle Cell Disease: A Strategic Plan and Blueprint for Action calls for the National Institutes of Health to designate SCD as a “health disparity” to incentivize more research, and for the Department of Health and Human Services to fund efforts to identify and mitigate disparities in health outcomes for sickle cell patients.

Lack of Compatible Donors

Although stem cell and bone marrow transplants are the only cures for SCD, it’s often difficult to find compatible donors, especially for children who can benefit the most from treatment.

“Unfortunately, less than one in five individuals with sickle cell disease have compatible donors. Those children fortunate to have a fully matched sibling as a donor enjoy very high success rates with very few complications after transplantation,” said Enrico Novelli, MD, an Associate Professor of Medicine and Director of the Adult Sickle Cell Disease Program at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

“The success of the procedure decreases as people get older. For many adults living with sickle cell disease, stem cell transplantation is not an option, either because they are too ill to undergo the procedure, or because of a lack of donor,” Novelli said in an email to PNN.  

“And for those who are cured by transplantation and no longer have sickle cell disease, some challenges remain; for instance, the treatments to prepare the recipient for the donor stem cells may cause infertility, and years of exposure to the disease may leave a mark in terms of organ dysfunction and chronic pain. Thus, it may take a while for some patients to overcome their sickle cell-related chronic pain after a successful stem cell transplant.”

The report recommends that the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and state Medicaid programs, as the lead insurers for most sickle cell patients, explore new payment methods to encourage and pay for coordinated care delivered by certified SCD centers. Insurance coverage is also needed to finance the cost of experimental new treatments, such as gene therapy.

The report calls for more diversity and “cultural competency training” for SCD care providers, as well as better training in managing acute and chronic pain. It also recommends that federal health agencies work with states to standardize newborn screening for SCD and to develop a national registry of people living with sickle cell disease.

Pilot Study Finds Cannabis Helpful in Treating Sickle Cell Pain

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Cannabis may be an effective way to reduce acute and chronic pain in patients with sickle cell disease, according to a small pilot study published in JAMA Network Open.

Sickle cell is a genetic disease that affects about 100,000 people in the U.S., mostly of African or Hispanic descent. Their red blood cells are rigid and sickle-shaped, which causes blockages in blood vessels, starves tissues and organs of oxygen, and causes periods of intense pain.

Researchers at UC Irvine and UC San Francisco enrolled 23 adult sickle cells patients in a placebo-controlled study to see if inhaled cannabis could be a safe adjunct to opioid medication in treating sickle cell pain. Most patients continued to use opioids during the course of the five-day trial. Participants inhaled either vaporized cannabis or a placebo three times a day. The cannabis had an equal ratio of CBD and THC – the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis.

As the five-day study period progressed, patients who inhaled cannabis reported that pain interfered less and less with their daily activities, such as walking and sleeping, and there was a significant drop in how much pain affected their mood. The decline in pain levels was not considered statistically significant, however.

Although the findings were mixed, researchers say their pilot study should pave the way to larger clinical studies of cannabis as a treatment for sickle cell pain.

"These trial results show that vaporized cannabis appears to be generally safe," said Kalpna Gupta, PhD, a professor of medicine at UCI Irvine's Center for the Study of Cannabis. "They also suggest that sickle cell patients may be able to mitigate their pain with cannabis—and that cannabis might help society address the public health crisis related to opioids. Of course, we still need larger studies with more participants to give us a better picture of how cannabis could benefit people with chronic pain."

Opioid medication has been the primary treatment for sickle cell pain. But with many physicians now reluctant to prescribe opioids due to fears of addiction, overdose and government prosecution, sickle cell patients have been left with fewer options.

“In the current climate of increased awareness of the ongoing opioid epidemic, it would have been encouraging if this study had demonstrated decreased use of chronic analgesics during the active cannabis vaporization phase,” researchers concluded. “Our study’s small sample size and short duration may have contributed to the inability to demonstrate decreased opioid use among participants receiving the active drug compared with the placebo.”

Of the 33 U.S. states that have legalized medical cannabis, only four have included sickle cell disease as a qualifying condition. That forces many sickle cell patients to obtain cannabis from unapproved sources.

"Pain causes many people to turn to cannabis and is, in fact, the top reason that people cite for seeking cannabis from dispensaries," Gupta said. "We don't know if all forms of cannabis products will have a similar effect on chronic pain. Vaporized cannabis, which we employed, may be safer than other forms because lower amounts reach the body's circulation. This trial opens the door for testing different forms of medical cannabis to treat chronic pain."

A recent small study in Israel found that very low “microdoses” of inhaled THC can significantly reduce chronic pain in patients with neuropathy, radiculopathy, phantom limb pain or Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS).

Stem Cell Therapy Can Cure Sickle Cell Disease

By A. Rahman Ford, PNN Columnist

Sickle cell disease is a debilitating illness that affects the hemoglobin in red blood cells.  The disorder causes the normally-round hemoglobin molecules to adopt an abnormal crescent or sickle shape. As a result, the patient suffers from anemia, repeated infections and periodic episodes of pain. 

According to the National Institutes of Health, sickle cell disease affects millions of people worldwide and is the most commonly inherited disorder in the U.S.  It affects approximately 70,000 – 80,000 Americans.  Blacks and Latinos are hit especially hard, with 1 in 500 and 1 in 1,000 being affected, respectively.

Pain is a major symptom of sickle cell disorder.  According to the Mayo Clinic, the pain develops when the sickle-shaped red blood cells block blood flow to the tiny blood vessels in your chest, abdomen and joints.  Pain in the bones can also occur.  Pain crises may last from hours to weeks and may require hospitalization.  According to mainstream medicine, there is no cure.  The only option is symptom management.

However, stem cell therapy (SCT) has brought new hope. Recently, it was reported that 11-year-old Valeria Vargas-Olmedo was cured of painful sickle cell disease.

That’s right. Cured.

In its first stem cell transplant for sickle cell disease, doctors at Loma Linda Children’s University Hospital in California used a stem cell transplant from Valeria’s father to cure the disease. This is noteworthy because the genetic match was only half – what is called haploidentical transplant. 

VALERIA VARGAS-OLMEDO AND HER PARENTS

Prior to treatment, Valeria could not walk, go to school and experienced debilitating chronic pain. After conditioning with chemotherapy, the father’s cells were transfused directly into his daughter. After the treatment, Dr. Akshat Jain pronounced young Valeria “disease free.” 

The University of Illinois Hospital also offers SCT for sickle cell disease.  Using cells from a healthy, tissue-matched full sibling, patients receive immunosuppressive drugs and very low dose radiation before being infused with the cells. This method is less harsh and has fewer side effects than chemotherapy. The donor blood cells produce healthy new blood cells in the patient, eliminating symptoms and making the disease undetectable. 

In 2011, Iesha Thomas was the first patient to receive SCT for sickle cell disease at UI Health.  Six months later, she was cured.

Brothers Julius and Desmond Means were cured the following year.  In this video, Julius says having sickle cell disease as a young child was “like being tortured from the inside out.”

Saint Louis Children’s Hospital offers a similar therapy and uses cells from bone marrow, circulating blood or donated umbilical cord blood.

Unfortunately, not every hospital offers SCT for sickle cell disease.  However, if you are suffering from the illness it might be a good idea to contact a hospital that does, make an appointment with an experienced physician, and see what your options are. 

It is extraordinarily rare that mainstream medicine uses the term “cure” in association with any chronic disease.  Stem cell therapy has ushered in a new cure-based paradigm of medicine.  We need to take advantage of it.

A. Rahman Ford, PhD, is a lawyer and research professional. He is a graduate of Rutgers University and the Howard University School of Law, where he served as Editor-in-Chief of the Howard Law Journal. He earned his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania.

Rahman lives with chronic inflammation in his digestive tract and is unable to eat solid food. He has received stem cell treatment in China. 

The information in this column should not be considered as professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It is for informational purposes only and represent the author’s opinions alone. It does not inherently express or reflect the views, opinions and/or positions of Pain News Network.