New Skin Patch Delivers Pain Relief with Ibuprofen

By Pat Anson, Editor

There are many different types of skin patches already on the market to treat pain --- containing everything from lidocaine to capsaicin to powerful opioids like fentanyl. Now British researchers say they’re a step closer to developing the first transdermal patch containing ibuprofen.

Researchers at the University of Warwick have formed a company called Medherent to produce and patent an adhesive patch that can deliver a high dose of ibuprofen through the skin for as long as 12 hours to treat conditions such as back pain, arthritis and neuralgia.

Their patch differs from others already on the market because the medication is embedded into the polymer matrix that sticks the patch to the patient’s skin. The embedding technology allows the patch to contain 5 to 10 times the amount of analgesic currently used in medical patches.

"Many commercial patches surprisingly don't contain any pain relief agents at all, they simply soothe the body by a warming effect,” says University of Warwick research chemist Professor David Haddleton.

image courtesy of medherent

“Our technology now means that we can for the first time produce patches that contain effective doses of active ingredients such as ibuprofen for which no patches currently exist. Also, we can improve the drug loading and stickiness of patches containing other active ingredients to improve patient comfort and outcome."

The researchers are now testing other analgesics to see if they too can be embedded into the polymers. So far they’ve had good results with methyl salicylate – a wintergreen-scented chemical used in some topical liniments and gels.

“We believe that many other over the counter and prescription drugs can exploit our technology and we are seeking opportunities to test a much wider range of drugs and treatments within our patch," says Haddleton.

In an email to Pain News Network, Medherent’s CEO said the technology is compatible with a wide range of drugs, including opioids. The company is currently seeking partners to help develop the patches.

"Our first products will be over-the-counter pain relief patches and through partnering we would expect to have the first of those products on the market in around 2 years,” said Nigel Davis. “In addition to our pain relief products, our technology also works with drugs in many other therapeutic areas. We can see considerable opportunities in working with pharmaceutical companies to develop innovative products using our next generation transdermal drug-delivery platform."

Adding opioids to the mix is tricky business, because some opioid patches already on the market are being abused. According to CBCNews, transdermal patches containing fentanyl are blamed for over 600 deaths in Canada. Addicts have learned they can cut up fentanyl patches to smoke or ingest them  

Asked if Medherent’s patch technology would prevent similar abuse, Davis said, “We hope so but need to do more work on that before we make claims of that sort. “

Decision on Opioid Implant Nears

Meanwhile, Titan Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: TTNP) has announced that the Food and Drug Administration has scheduled a meeting with the company next month to discuss its new drug application for Probuphine, an implant containing buprenorphine, a weak acting opioid used to treat addiction.

Ironically, some addicts have learned they can get high by abusing buprenorphine and it is prized as a street drug that can ease withdrawal pains from heroin. Buprenorphine, which is more widely known under the brand name Suboxone, is currently only available in pills and oral films.

The Probuphine implant would be difficult to abuse. About the size of a matchstick, it is designed to be inserted subcutaneously under the skin of the upper arm, where it can release steady doses of buprenorphine for as long as six months.

Titan and its partner, Braeburn Pharmaceuticals, believe the implant technology could someday be used to deliver other medications, including opioids for pain relief.

image courtesy of titan pharmaceuticals

Probuphine’s path to the marketplace hasn’t been a smooth one. Braeburn and Titan were stunned in 2013 when the FDA denied approval of the implant and asked for a new clinical study of Probuphine’s effectiveness. Since then, the companies have conducted a study showing that the implant was more effective than buprenorphine tablets in treating addiction. The companies are hoping for FDA approval in 2016.

Tommie Copper Tarnished By Fed Charges

By Pat Anson, Editor

Some of the shine has come off athletic apparel company Tommie Copper, Inc.

The company has agreed to pay $1.35 million to settle federal charges that it deceptively advertised its copper-infused compression clothing would relieve pain and inflammation caused by arthritis, fibromyalgia and other chronic diseases.

Tommie Copper’s settlement with the Federal Trade Commission also requires the company and founder Thomas Kallish to have “competent and reliable” scientific evidence before making any future claims about pain relief, disease treatment, or the health benefits of their products.

Tommie Cooper advertised its copper-infused garments in infomercials, brochures, social media, and print media such as Arthritis Today magazine. The ads claimed the clothing alleviated pain caused by multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and fibromyalgia; and could provide pain relief comparable to or better than drugs or surgery.

Some of the infomercials feature talk show host Montel Williams, who suffers from multiple sclerosis, declaring, “Tommie Copper truly is pain relief without a pill.”

 “It’s tempting to believe that wearing certain clothing will eliminate severe pain, but Tommie Copper didn’t have science to back its claims,” said Jessica Rich, Director of the FTC’s Bureau of Consumer Protection. “If you see an ad for a product that promises to replace the need for drugs or surgery, talk to a healthcare professional before you spend your money.”

The company’s website now only claims its products “can be worn all day to provide relief from everyday aches and pains.” The clothing, including sleeves, braces, shirts and socks, range in price from $29.95 to $69.50.

The proposed federal court order imposes an $86.8 million judgment against Tommie Copper, which will be suspended upon payment of $1.35 million by the company within seven days . The company neither admitted or denied any of the allegations in the settlement.

The so-called “healing power” and pain relieving power of copper can be traced back thousands of years. But a 2013 study by British researchers found that copper does nothing to alleviate the pain, swelling, or disease progression of rheumatoid arthritis. The study, published in PLOS ONE, found that copper bracelets worn by 70 patients provide no more meaningful therapeutic effect than a placebo.

New Spinal Cord Stimulator Doesn’t Need Recharging

By Pat Anson, Editor

A new high-tech spinal cord stimulator is being launched in the U.S. and Europe, the first of its kind that doesn’t need recharging and can receive technology upgrades.

St. Jude Medical’s Proclaim Elite stimulator allows patients and clinicians to upload software upgrades to the device without surgery. Until now, most patients would require additional surgery to either update their devices or receive new ones. Unlike other spinal cord stimulators (SCS), the Proclaim Elite also doesn’t need recharging.

Stimulators are surgically placed near the spine and connected to batteries implanted under the skin. The devices send electrical impulses into the spine to mask pain.

“We developed the Proclaim Elite SCS system to create a more patient-centric spinal cord stimulation therapy option,” said Allen Burton, MD, medical director of neuromodulation and vice president of medical affairs at St. Jude Medical.

“The Proclaim Elite SCS system offers patients a combination of advanced pain therapy options and the convenience of a device that doesn’t require recharging, while removing barriers for future therapy and diagnostic options.”

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the Proclaim Elite system earlier this month.

The device uses "burst" stimulation -- intermittent pulses of electrical energy that are designed to mimic the body’s natural nerve firing patterns. St. Jude says burst stimulation significantly reduces or eliminates paresthesia, the tingling sensation commonly associated with traditional SCS devices.

image courtesy st. jude medical

Many design elements of Proclaim Elite are based on physician and patient feedback. In particular, the non-rechargeable system removes the burden of patients needing to regularly recharge their SCS system. By providing access to both traditional SCS and burst stimulation in one system, the device gives an option to patients who don't initially respond to traditional therapy

“We’re seeing a shift in the SCS treatment paradigm as we move to a device that’s capable of delivering effective therapy tailored to a patient’s pain condition but that requires no device recharging,” said Frank Huygen, MD, an anesthesiologist and pain specialist from Erasmus MC Hospital in the Netherlands. “By combining burst stimulation and upgradeability in a non-rechargeable device, this innovative technology ensures physicians are more empowered to deliver therapy that can appropriately address our patient’s pain.”

The device uses Bluetooth wireless technology and Apple mobile devices for the patient controller and clinician programmer to improve interaction and allow for more effective management of chronic pain. Proclaim Elite also has conditional magnetic resonance (MR) labeling, which will allow patients to safely undergo MRI scans.

Chronic back pain is usually treated with physical therapy, pain relievers, injections or surgery. When those treatments fail, SCS devices are usually considered the treatment of last resort.

MarketsandMarkets, a market research firm based in Dallas, estimates the global market for spinal cord stimulators and other neuromodulation devices could reach $6.8 billion by 2017.

Exercise Helps Reduce Chronic Pain of Fibromyalgia

By Pat Anson, Editor

This is the time of year when people start thinking of New Year’s resolutions – and losing weight and getting more exercise are two of the most common ones. New research suggests fibromyalgia sufferers should consider them both to relieve pain and improve their quality of life.

Exercise is known to relieve some types of chronic pain, but researchers at the University of Granada in Spain wanted to know what types of fitness are most effective in decreasing pain and improving mood in fibromyalgia patients. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a poorly understood disorder that is characterized by deep tissue pain, fatigue, depression and insomnia.

Researchers enrolled 468 female fibromyalgia patients in the study to assess their aerobic fitness, muscle strength, flexibility and motor ability. The study, published in the journal Arthritis Care & Research, also used a scale to quantify the women’s emotional response to chronic pain, such as catastrophizing (viewing something worse than it actually is) and self-efficacy (belief in the capacity to control things).

“Overall, higher physical fitness was consistently associated with lower levels of pain, lower pain-related catastrophizing, and higher chronic pain self-efficacy,” the researchers found.

Women with high muscle strength and high flexibility had the lowest levels of pain; and those with high flexibility and aerobic fitness had the best catastrophizing and self-efficacy profiles.

Another study, published in the Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, found that fibromyalgia patients were more likely to exercise less, be overweight, depressed, and take more medications.

Researchers at the Cleveland Clinic enrolled over 300 fibromyalgia patients in the study and collected detailed information about their demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, medical, surgical, and psychiatric history.

Nearly three quarters of the participants were either overweight or obese, as defined by the World Health Organization’s BMI (body mass index). Less than 10% of the obese patients said they performed regular aerobic exercise.

Obese patients were also significantly more likely to suffer from major depression and to be taking multiple medications.

“Compared with normal-weight patients, obese FM patients in our study were taking more medications for FM, including SSRIs, other antidepressants, and antipsychotic drugs, as well as gabapentinoids (Lyrica and Neurontin), all known to potentially cause weight gain,” the researchers found.

Interestingly, overweight and obese patients were also more likely to have a history of physical and sexual abuse than normal weight FM patients (48% vs. 34%).

The authors recommend that physicians treating overweight FM patients advise them to lose weight and exercise more.

‘Chili Pepper’ Patch Works Better Than Lyrica

By Pat Anson, Editor

A skin patch containing a synthetic substance found in chili peppers works better than pregabalin in treating patients with neuropathic pain, according to the results of a new study conducted in Europe.

Pregabalin is the generic name for Lyrica, a medication made by Pfizer that is widely prescribed for neuropathy, fibromyalgia and other chronic pain conditions.

Nearly 660 adults with moderate to serve peripheral neuropathic pain (PPN) caused by shingles were randomly assigned to groups receiving either a single treatment with the Qutenza patch or a daily dose of pregabalin.

The 8% capsaicin patch uses a synthetic form of capsaicin, the substance that gives chili peppers their heat, to dull pain-sensing nerves in the skin.

By the 8th week of the study, a little over half of the patients in both groups had achieved pain relief of at least 30 percent. However, the median time to pain relief in the capsaicin group was 7.5 days, compared to 36 days in the pregabalin group. Those who used the Qutenza patch were also more satisfied with their treatment and had fewer side effects.

The study, which is published in the European Journal of Pain, was funded by Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd., which makes the Qutenza patch.

"This is an important and well-conducted study that was designed to mimic everyday practice, allowing those patients randomised to the pregabalin arm to be individually titrated to the optimal tolerated dose,” said lead investigator Maija Haanpää, a professor in the Department of Neurosurgery at Helsinki University in Finland. “We found that topical treatment with the capsaicin 8% patch was non-inferior to the current standard of care. This means that there is now another treatment option for people with peripheral neuropathic pain, especially those patients who are very sensitive to the side effects of systemic medication or for those who do not wish to take tablets every day."

Until now, no head-to-head clinical trials have directly compared the capsaicin patch to pregabalin or other treatments for PNP.

"There is a need to tailor treatment to individual patients and these data show that the capsaicin 8% patch is an efficacious agent to manage patients with peripheral neuropathic pain," said Dr. Andreas Karas, Senior Director, Medical Affairs for Astellas Pharma.

In September of this year, the European Commission approved a label extension for Qutenza to include diabetic patients with neuropathic pain. In the United States, Qutenza has only been approved by the FDA for the management of neuropathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia.

Neuropathic pain is characterized by tingling pain that develops as a result of nerve damage caused by conditions such as shingles, diabetes, amputation, inflammation, and cancer. About 8% of adults worldwide suffer from neuropathy. Many drugs used to treat neuropathic pain, such as Neurontin and Lyrica, often don’t work or have unpleasant side effects. Common side effects of Lyrica are dizziness, nausea, headache, weight gain and fatigue.

In addition to neuropathic pain, Lyrica is approved by the FDA to treat chronic pain associated with fibromyalgia, epilepsy, shingles, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and spinal cord injury. The drug is also prescribed “off label” to treat lumbar spinal stenosis, the most common type of lower back pain in older adults.

Lyrica is Pfizer’s top selling drug with annual worldwide sales of over $5 billion.

Meditation Changes Brain Activity to Reduce Pain

By Pat Anson, Editor

Mindfulness meditation significantly reduces both physical and emotional pain, according to a new placebo controlled study that used MRI imaging to document changes in the brain that occur during meditation.

"We were completely surprised by the findings. While we thought that there would be some overlap in brain regions between meditation and placebo, the findings from this study provide novel and objective evidence that mindfulness meditation reduces pain in a unique fashion," said Fadel Zeidan, PhD, assistant professor of neurobiology and anatomy at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in Winston-Salem, NC.

Zeidan and his colleagues enrolled 75 healthy volunteers in the study and used a thermal heat probe on their skin to test their reaction to pain. The probe was heated to 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Centigrade) – a level most people find painful. Participants were then asked to rate the pain intensity (physical sensation) and pain unpleasantness (emotional response).

Those who had undergone mindfulness meditation reported their physical pain was reduced by 27 percent and the unpleasantness by 44 percent.

In contrast, volunteers who had used a placebo analgesic cream before the heat probe test said their physical pain was reduced by 11 percent and their emotional pain by 13 percent.

The participants' brains were also scanned with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after the heat probe experiment.  

"The MRI scans showed for the first time that mindfulness meditation produced patterns of brain activity that are different than those produced by the placebo cream," said Zeidan.

Mindfulness meditation activated brain regions (orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex) associated with the self-control of pain; while the placebo cream lowered pain levels by reducing brain activity in pain-processing areas (secondary somatosensory cortex).

Another brain region, the thalamus, was deactivated during mindfulness meditation. The thalamus serves as a gateway that determines if sensory information is allowed to reach other parts of the brain. By deactivating this area, researchers say, mindfulness meditation may cause signals about pain to simply fade away.

Mindfulness meditation also was significantly better at reducing pain intensity and pain unpleasantness than a placebo sham meditation. The placebo-meditation group had relatively small decreases in pain intensity (9%) and pain unpleasantness (24%).

"This study is the first to show that mindfulness meditation is mechanistically distinct and produces pain relief above and beyond the analgesic effects seen with either placebo cream or sham meditation," Zeidan said. "Based on our findings, we believe that as little as four 20-minute daily sessions of mindfulness meditation could enhance pain treatment in a clinical setting. However, given that the present study examined healthy, pain-free volunteers, we cannot generalize our findings to chronic pain patients at this time."

The Wake Forest study is published in the Journal of Neuroscience,

In addition to relieving pain, there is increasing evidence that meditation and mindfulness cognitive therapy are effective in treating a broad range of mental health issues, including anxiety, depression and stress.

One study, published in the British Medical Journal, found that online mindfulness courses were often just as effective as face-to-face meetings with a therapist.

You can sample a relaxing online pain management meditation at Meditainment.com (click here to see it). The initial course is free.

Miss Understood: Vibrant Trial

(Editor’s note:  Several weeks ago we were contacted by a sales representative for Neurovative Technologies, a Canadian manufacturer of medical devices that use vibration to relieve chronic pain. These “Vibrant” devices sell for about $300 each and, we were told, “have been able to decrease pain and stiffness and increase range of motion in 95% of our OA, RA and Fibromyalgia patients.” The company was invited and agreed to provide a Vibrant device for back pain at no cost to PNN columnist Arlene Grau for a test run. Arlene suffers from fibromylagia and rheumatoid arthritis.)

By Arlene Grau, Columnist

There are many people who suffer the same pain day in and day out with little to no relief from medication, acupuncture, medical devices, etc. My pain begins in my back and spreads throughout my body. Recently, I was asked to give a drug free and non-invasive device called Vibrant a try to see if it helped with some of the pain I was suffering from. I received the device that is designed for back pain management.

During my time using the device, which was about two weeks, I have found that there is no change in my pain level or relief for my back pain.

The device is recommended for use in 16 minute sessions.  It can be used as many times as you'd like during the day, however it is not recommended that anyone use it for an extended period of time all at once.

It is extremely easy to use. You just push the “on” button and it does all the work. It also comes with a charger and backpack for storing or carrying, which I thought was pretty neat.

The Vibrant device reminded me of a massage chair, but I kept wanting to raise the level of intensity and couldn't because it doesn't come with that feature.

It did however help relieve minor aches and pains related to everyday life. My husband even tried it and said that he found it to be relaxing.

I also have a TENS unit which was prescribed by my pain management doctor and I feel like I get a lot more relief from that than the Vibrant device. As far as being able to target my pain and getting deep down into the problem areas, I feel like the Vibrant device fell short.

It's possible that it's meant for smaller aches and pains, but as far as rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia patients go, there really are no minor pains related to our diseases.

Arlene Grau lives in southern California. She suffers from rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, lupus, migraine, vasculitis, and Sjogren’s disease.

The information in this column should not be considered as professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It is for informational purposes only and represent the author’s opinions alone. It does not inherently express or reflect the views, opinions and/or positions of Pain News Network.

Wireless LED Device Could Block Pain Signals

By Pat Anson, Editor

Researchers say a new type of implantable wireless device could revolutionize the treatment of chronic pain by using light to block pain signals before they reach the brain.

In animal studies at Washington University School of Medicine and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, researchers used implanted microLED devices to “light up” peripheral nerve cells in mice. Their study is published online in the journal Nature Biotechnology.

"Our eventual goal is to use this technology to treat pain in very specific locations by providing a kind of 'switch' to turn off the pain signals long before they reach the brain," said co-senior investigator Robert Gereau IV, PhD, a Professor of Anesthesiology and director of the Washington University Pain Center.

Unlike spinal cord stimulators, which also mask pain signals to the brain, the new devices are  soft and stretchable, and can be implanted in parts of the body that move. Spinal cord stimulators have to be anchored to bone.

"When we're studying neurons in the spinal cord or in other areas outside of the central nervous system, we need stretchable implants that don't require anchoring," said Gereau.

image courtesy gereau lab/washington university

Gereau and his colleagues are experimenting with mice that are genetically engineered to have light-sensitive proteins on some of their nerve cells. The wireless implants contain microLED lights that use “optogenetics” to activate specific nerve cells. The devices are thin, flexible, and minimally invasive because they can be implanted in soft tissue.

Earlier versions of the device used remote lighting and fiber optic delivery systems that were tethered to power sources and could not be fully implanted.

Because the new devices are small, flexible and can be held in place with sutures, they have potential uses in or around the bladder, stomach, intestines, heart or other organs, according to John Rogers, PhD, a professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Illinois.

"They provide unique, biocompatible platforms for wireless delivery of light to virtually any targeted organ in the body," said Rogers.

Rogers and Gereau designed the implants with an eye toward mass production of the devices so they could be available to other researchers. They’ve formed a company called NeuroLux to aid in that goal.

According to iData Research, the spinal cord stimulator (SCS) market was valued at $1.3 billion in 2014. The company estimates that less than 10% of potential patients are being treated with an SCS device.

Stimulators are often considered the treatment of last resort after opioid pain medication, physical therapy, steroid shots and other types of treatment fail. Many patients are reluctant to get SCS devices because the surgery is so invasive.

Exercise Improves Pain and Mobility of Seniors

By Pat Anson, Editor

A low-impact exercise program can significantly reduce pain and improve mobility for older adults with arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions, according to the Hospital for Special Surgery (HHS) in New York City.

For several years HHS has offered exercise programs at senior centers in Chinatown, Flushing, and Queens – and tracked the health of those who participated. The hospital’s most recent findings are being presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology/Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals in San Francisco.

"Getting seniors to be active in any way will generally improve their quality of life and help them function better in their everyday activities," said Linda Russell, MD, a rheumatologist and chair of the Public and Patient Education Advisory Committee at HHS. "People believe that if you have arthritis you shouldn't exercise, but appropriate exercises actually help decrease pain."

The eight-week exercise programs began in 2011 and are held once a week. They were originally developed for Asian seniors 65 and older, many of whom lived in poverty and suffered from musculoskeletal conditions.

The low-impact exercises included pilates, yoga, yoga-lates (a combination of yoga and pilates), t’ai chi and dance, and were led by certified instructors.

In surveys of over 200 participants, most reported that they experienced less pain and were better able to perform activities of daily living. Muscle and joint pain were reduced by nearly a third and mobility improved dramatically:

• 88% more participants could climb several flights of stairs
• 66% more participants could lift/carry groceries
• 63% more participants could bend, kneel, or stoop
• 91% of participants felt the program reduced their fatigue
• 97% of participants felt that the program reduced their stiffness
• 95% of participants felt their balance improved
• 96% of participants felt more confident that exercising would not make their symptoms worse

"The study results indicate that the hospital's Bone Health Initiative has a positive impact on the musculoskeletal health of the Asian senior population," said Huijuan Huang, MPA, program coordinator. "Providing free exercise programs to the community can play an important role in helping adults manage musculoskeletal conditions."

An earlier study at HHS found that exercise decreases pain, reduces the severity and frequency of falls, and improves the balance of people suffering from osteoarthritis. Exercise also improved their quality and enjoyment of life.

Is Vitamin D Making Me Feel Better?

By Crystal Lindell, Columnist

This is the story of how I have turned into the crazy lady constantly telling everyone I meet to get their vitamin D level tested.

The thing about the vitamin D is that it could either be the cure I’ve been searching for, or have absolutely nothing to do with why I’ve been feeling better since about July. Either way though, I am feeling better these days.

Back in May, I went to visit a local weight loss clinic to try and lose some of the 60 lbs. I’ve gained since getting sick. While I was there they ran some routine blood work. And it turns out my vitamin D was low. Not like, “Oh, it’s just a little low, you should probably take a supplement” low.

My level was 6 ng/ml. It was literally the lowest the doctor at the weight loss clinic had ever seen.

To put it in perspective, the Vitamin D Council says it’s best to be between 40-80 ng/ml, while the University of Wisconsin recommends being between 30-80 ng/ml.

I had tested low before, like 19 ng/ml, but it was years before I suddenly woke up feeling like someone was stabbing me in the ribs. And I honestly don’t remember the doctor at the time impressing on me that it was any sort of an issue. I just figured it was like needing an oil change every 3,000 miles. Sure that’s the ideal, but your car isn’t going to just shut off if you wait until 5,000 miles.

So I told my primary care doctor about the results, and he and the weight loss doctor decided to put me on prescription-strength 50,000 IU vitamin D for three months, followed by a daily dose of 4,000 IU after that.

When I got home from my appointment, I looked through all my medical records — from Loyola University, the Mayo Clinic and the University of Wisconsin-Madison — and realized that not once had anyone thought to test my vitamin D.

I have literally had more than 35 blood tests, a handful of urine tests, and a more imaging than is probably healthy, but none of them were for vitamin D!

It turns out vitamin D is pretty important though, and has been shown to have direct links to chronic pain. It’s also not actually a vitamin, so much as a hormone. There’s all sorts of research on how low vitamin D can cause chronic pain, even specifically rib pain, which is what I have.

A recent study in The Pain Physician journal shows that, "Vitamin D, a hormone precursor essential for maintaining homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system, has long been proposed as an associated factor in CWP (chronic widespread pain). The most severe type of hypovitaminosis D, osteomalacia, features generalized body pain, especially in the shoulder, rib cage, and lumbar and pelvic regions."

And another study from the American Academy of of Pain Medicine showed that, “The prevalence and clinical correlates identified in this pilot study provide the basis for the assertion that vitamin D inadequacy may represent an under-recognized source of nociception and impaired neuromuscular functioning among patients with chronic pain.”

In other words, if low levels aren’t the cause, not having enough vitamin D can make chronic pain more severe. And, low Vitamin D can also make pain medications less effective.

According to an article on the Mayo Clinic website, “patients who required narcotic pain medication, and who also had inadequate levels of vitamin D, were taking much higher doses of pain medication — nearly twice as much — as those who had adequate levels.”

So I was cautiously optimistic that getting my vitamin D levels back up could at the very least make my pain medications more effective.

But for the first few months, I didn’t really feel much different. I only told a few people about the vitamin D because constantly talking about possible cures is exhausting — everyone wants it to work so much, and then when it doesn’t you feel like you have personally failed at something.

So I only told my mom, my boyfriend at the time, and my best friend. My then-boyfriend was hoping for a miracle by day two. But alas, nothing. My best friend was hoping for a miracle by month two. But alas, nothing. And my mom, who I live with, wasn’t really putting her hope in it all. She had seen too many things not work.

But then, in July, I started noticing things. Like little things. Like I could go for a walk and not die afterward. And then, in August, I cleaned the freaking bathroom! Seriously, I did the floors, washed the mirrors and scrubbed the tub, all without ending up in the hospital!! And by September, I was even able to make the four-hour round trip trek to work without having to spend the entire next day recovering.

Slowly, but surely, I have started feeling better. I mean, I’m not cured. And I’m not holding my breath that I ever will be. I’m also completely aware of the fact that I could backslide at any moment.

And, I still take morphine on a daily basis, for now anyway. But I have literally gone off almost all my other meds, including the sleeping pill amitriptyline and the nerve pain medication Cymbalta. As for the hydrocodone, I’m down to like one or two pills a week at the most. And sometimes, I can go the whole week without taking any at all — which is pretty much a miracle of God if there ever was one.

There’s also been some weight loss. I honestly never went back to the weight loss clinic because they wanted to put me on a weight loss drug, and over the last couple years I’ve come to a place where I just don’t want to be on any drugs unless I have to.

Even so though, feeling better has meant that I’ve been able to walk three to five miles about six days a week all summer, and I’m excited to report that since May I’ve lost 30 pounds! WHAT?

I had a visit with my amazing doctor last week, and we talked about whether or not the vitamin D deserved any credit for my newfound ability to shower almost every single day.

When I showed him that I had a whole bottle of hydrocodone left over — I honestly used to run out of the drug a week early each month — he literally said, “Congratulations!”

He tested my vitamin D, and I’m happy to report that I’m now at 35 ng/mL — a much healthier level than six. As my doctor remarked on the top of the lab results, “Your vitamin D level looks good. You can safely keep taking your current dose of vitamin D supplements.”

When we talked about it during the appointment, he told me that the vitamin D could be part of why I’m feeling better, or it could be that the nerve that they think was causing the pain had shifted somehow. Or it could be something else all together. Maybe it’s the placebo effect, or maybe it’s all those Taco Bell Cheesy Gordita Crunches I eat every other day that have something magical in them.

So yeah, I don’t know if the vitamin D is the reason I’m feeling better or how long-term this could be, but honestly, I don’t care. I’m just happy that I can clean the bathroom again.

Crystal Lindell is a journalist who lives in Illinois. She loves Taco Bell, watching "Burn Notice" episodes on Netflix and Snicker's Bites. She has had intercostal neuralgia since February 2013.

Crystal writes about it on her blog, “The Only Certainty is Bad Grammar.”

The information in this column should not be considered as professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It is for informational purposes only and represent the author’s opinions alone. It does not inherently express or reflect the views, opinions and/or positions of Pain News Network.

Low Levels of Vitamin D Linked to Fibromyalgia

By Pat Anson, Editor

Some recent studies are highlighting the importance of the "sunshine vitamin" -- Vitamin D -- in maintaining overall health, as well as possible links to fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic conditions.

Low levels of serum vitamin D were found in over 1,800 fibromyalgia patients with chronic widespread pain, according to the results of a meta-analysis (a study of studies) published in the journal Pain Physician.

Researchers at National Taiwan University Hospital found a “positive crude association” between chronic widespread pain and hypovitaminosis D, which is caused by poor nutritional intake of Vitamin D, inadequate sunlight exposure or conditions that limit Vitamin D absorption.

The most severe type of hypovitaminosis D causes general body pain, especially in the shoulder, rib cage, lumbar and pelvic regions.

A number of previous studies have explored the association between hypovitaminosis D with widespread musculoskeletal pain, including fibromyalgia, but the results were inconclusive. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood disorder that is characterized by deep tissue pain, fatigue, depression and insomnia.

According to the Vitamin D Council, low levels of Vitamin D could be the result of fibromyalgia, rather than the cause of the disease.

Vitamin D helps control levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and is essential for the formation of strong bones and teeth. Vitamin D also modulates cell growth, improves neuromuscular and immune function, and reduces inflammation

Sources of Vitamin D include oily fish and eggs, but it can be difficult to get enough through diet alone. Ultraviolet rays in sunlight are a principal source of Vitamin D for most people.

Taking Vitamin D supplements can improve exercise performance and lower the risk of heart disease, according to the findings of a small study at Queen Margaret University in Scotland presented at the Society for Endocrinology annual conference in Edinburgh.

Researchers gave 13 healthy adults Vitamin D supplements or a placebo daily for a period of two weeks.

The adults supplemented with Vitamin D had lower blood pressure compared to those given a placebo, as well as lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol in their urine. Previous studies suggest that Vitamin D can block the action of an enzyme which is needed to make cortisol.

A fitness test found that the group taking vitamin D could cycle 6.5km (about 4 miles) in 20 minutes, compared to just 5km at the start of the experiment. Despite cycling 30% further, the Vitamin D group showed lower signs of physical exertion.

"Our pilot study suggests that taking vitamin D supplements can improve fitness levels and lower cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure", said Dr. Raquel Revuelta Iniesta, co-author of the study. "Our next step is to perform a larger clinical trial for a longer period of time in both healthy individuals and large groups of athletes such as cyclists or long-distance runners.”

Around 10 million people in England have low vitamin D levels. On average, one in ten adults has low levels of vitamin D in summer, compared to two in five in winter. Because people with darker skin are less efficient at using sunlight to make vitamin D, up to three out of four adults with dark skin are deficient in winter.

"Vitamin D deficiency is a silent syndrome linked to insulin resistance, diabetes, rheumatoid, and a higher risk for certain cancers,” said lead author Dr. Emad Al-Dujaili. "Our study adds to the body of evidence showing the importance of tackling this widespread problem.”

Danish researchers recently reported that exposure to sunlight may delay the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients who spent time in the sun every day during the summer as teenagers developed the disease later in life than those who spent their summers indoors.

Therapy Helps Chronic Pain Sufferers Sleep

By Pat Anson, Editor

British researchers say cognitive behavioral therapy can effectively treat insomnia in chronic pain patients – reducing their pain, fatigue and depression. But the therapy works best when delivered in person.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy, in which a therapist works with a patient to reduce unhelpful thinking and behavior. Poor sleep habits and insomnia have long been known to aggravate chronic pain conditions.

Researchers at the University of Warwick analyzed 72 studies involving over 1,000 patients who suffered from insomnia and chronic pain, and found that CBT was “moderately or strongly effective” in treating insomnia. The study has been published in the journal Sleep.

"This study is particularly important because the use of drugs to treat insomnia is not recommended over a long period of time, therefore the condition needs to be addressed using a non-pharmacological treatment,” said lead researcher Dr. Nicole Tang of the University of Warwick’s Department of Psychology.

"Poor sleep is a potential cause of ill health and previous studies suggest it can lead to obesity, diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease - even death. Insomnia can also increase the risk of depression, anxiety and substance misuse. It is also a major problem for those suffering pain that lasts longer than three to six months and that is why we looked at this group.”

The most popular CBT strategies included education about good sleeping habits, such as a regular sleeping patterns and avoiding stimulus before going to bed.

Researchers found there was a mild to moderate decrease in pain immediately after therapy, as well as a decrease in depression. But CBT was not as effective when delivered electronically - either over the phone or via the Internet.

"We found little evidence that using therapies delivered either by phone or computer benefitted insomniacs. The jury is still out on the effectiveness of using automated sleep treatments. We found that, at the moment at least, delivering therapies personally had the most positive effect on sleeplessness," said Tang.

Several previous studies have found that getting a good night’s sleep helps reduce sensitivity to pain.

Researchers in Norway measured pain sensitivity in more than 10,000 adults and found a strong link between pain and insomnia. Patients with severe insomnia and chronic pain were twice as likely to pull their hands out of cold water early – a standard test to measure pain – than people who had neither condition.

A small 2012 study at Wayne State University found that people who had 10 hours of sleep a night had less sensitivity to pain in a heat test.

Wear, Tear & Care: Emotional Insight App

By J.W. Kain, Columnist

Biofeedback is probably the closest thing to having actual superpowers. To quote the Mayo Clinic, it’s “a technique you can use to learn to control your body’s functions, such as your heart rate” by using electrical sensors to "receive information (feedback) about your body (bio).”

In theory, this can help you learn to control things like muscle relaxation, which often helps to lessen pain.

What if you want to go deeper than that, though?

In my own experience as a chronic pain patient, I’ve come to realize that much of pain -- or rather, the compounding of pain -- is emotionally derived. It can be stress from work, an argument with a spouse, dreading a rent payment, or anything else that thrills against your nerves. How does one separate the emotional aspect of pain from the physical? How do you know when you’re being your own worst enemy?

You look inward.

Somehow my father stumbled across the Emotional Insight app and sent it my way. I was very curious, as it seemed comparable to biofeedback. But how did it work without wires and electrical sensors? The price tag surprised me -- $49.95 for the app -- and so I reached out to the makers of the program, Possibility Wave, to ask if I could take it for a test drive.

Soon enough I found myself Skypeing with the delightful Garnet Dupuis, one of the founders of Possibility Wave and the creator of the app. He hails from Canada but now lives in Thailand with his wife, and I could hear the sounds of the jungle when we spoke. Suffice it to say he is a cool guy.

When processing experiences, Mr. Dupuis said, “It’s helpful to say it to somebody. A person begins a process of self-reflection even just by talking into a mirror.”

When asked how this relates to the app, Dupuis told me that it does exactly what it says on the tin: It provides emotional insight. “Something about declaration” helps people come to terms with things, he says.

In other words, just talk it out.

Clients have reported as much progress and growth in two to three app sessions as they would achieve in one to two years of actual therapy. As Dupuis says, “these are like quick spiritual experiences.” He calls Emotional Insight a form of “neurofeedback,” which made more sense to me; when I played with the app, I found it had nothing to do with the body and everything to do with the mind. Even so, “it’s a little bit like exercise,” Dupuis said -- as in, the more you work at it, the more you can discover about yourself.

This app is all about sharing information. Technically speaking, improvements could be made; there is so much data that at times the app freezes, and talking out loud can be impractical. That is when I realized this app was not made to be used on a train while traveling somewhere or while standing in line at the bank. This is literally a pocket therapist, but the therapist is the user.

It surprised me constantly, like a shrewd psychic, but in reality I was only talking with myself. Not only does it make you type out a problem, but it makes you repeat it aloud. This irritated me until I realized that I was resisting saying it out loud, because somehow, saying it out loud is harder.

When you open the app, you have three choices in terms of sessions. I chose “Spontaneous Insight.” You are prompted to speak aloud and identify the issue you want to explore.

This is when it becomes stranger. The voice analysis program does not pick up words you say; rather, it picks up the tones in which they were said and matches it to certain emotional responses. So if I say, “I regret the loss of the person I used to be,” it brings back three “clues” regarding the emotions behind my speech: longing, gladness, uneasiness.

The app brought up the fact that I am a workaholic. Considering I have a full-time job and still do things on the side, I would say that’s accurate. It told me to compose an “I” sentence with one of those clues. Somehow I came up with: “I’m glad my pain is getting worse because I’m a workaholic.” What? I am in no way glad about having pain, but I also know that I will run and run and run like the Energizer Bunny until I die, because I refuse to let my pain dictate my life.

By insisting that I don’t need help and that I can function like other people, I am making myself worse. It will take an outside force to make me stop. I have to admit to myself that I am not like other people anymore. I can’t do everything that I used to do. I have to mourn that loss and begin again.

Then the app essentially asks: “What are you going to do about it?”

I was squirming now, uncomfortable with what I was saying. “I need to stop working so hard in order to deal with my pain.”

The app then plays Sonic Signatures and the Crystalline Strategy, which I honestly do not understand. They are coded sound signatures that represent certain remedies, and you are supposed to listen to them a few times each day in order to reinforce what you have learned. It sounds like a whole store full of wind chimes and the signals of a lost radio station. There is a YouTube video that explains these “sound drops” (like herbal tinctures for your ears, if you will).

“The app never tells you what to do,” Mr. Dupuis said to me in our Skype chat. “It guides you, but you have to declare it to yourself.” That being said, the app is as enlightening an experience as you make it. For me, it brought up several things I have been avoiding; it was a strange experience, because I like to think that I face my problems directly. However, I learned that this is very far from the truth. 

Mr. Dupuis was intrigued that I am a columnist for a pain-related publication and that I wanted to use the app in this way. “Everybody hurts in one way or another,” he said.

Pain can compound for a variety of reasons. This app is a way for people to face what is haunting them, whatever that ghost might be.

J. W. Kain is an attorney in the Greater Boston area who also works as a writer and editor in her spare time.  She has chronic back and neck pain after two car accidents.

You can read more about J.W. on her blog, Wear, Tear, & Care.  

The information in this column should not be considered as professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It is for informational purposes only and represents the author’s opinions alone. It does not inherently express or reflect the views, opinions and/or positions of Pain News Network.

Wear, Tear & Care: Aroga Yoga

By Jennifer Kain Kilgore, Columnist

One of the most popular remedies that pain management doctors like to recommend for patients is yoga. Not only has yoga created a revolution in the fitness and apparel worlds, but it also is touted as a great way for chronic pain patients to exercise.

This generally leaves us patients in a strange spiral of “I hurt too much to work out” and then feeling worse because we aren’t moving.

Physical activity is necessary in whatever form we can manage. I have several instructional DVDs, but only a few of them are actually tailored to people with illness and pain. I decided to go hunting for the Big Kahuna.

My search was not in vain: I discovered Kayla Kurin, creator of Aroga Yoga. “Aroga,” which I thought was just a great rhyme, actually means “healthy, well, or free from disease.” Ms. Kurin is a yoga teacher based in London who focuses exclusively on chronic pain and illness, as she uses it to manage her own chronic fatigue syndrome.

“I had tried some naturopathic remedies and supplements, but didn’t find any relief from them,” she said. “For many years I was on strong sleep medication that helped me get some semblance of a night’s sleep and get through the day, but I became resistant to all of the medications and eventually stopped those as well.”

It was around then that she decided to try yoga, as she wandered into a bookstore and saw an instructional DVD for sale. 

“This was a huge turning point for me,” she said. “Once I started feeling better from yoga and meditation, I made a lot of dietary and lifestyle changes that helped me heal.”

Ms. Kurin has now been practicing for eight years and teaching for almost two, focusing on vinyasa flow and restorative methods with Yoga London. She relies on her own chronic illness in order to find the most effective poses for others, as even though yoga therapy is beginning to get more popular, there is currently only limited information about it. She has had to combine several schools and theories -- mostly vinyasa flow, restorative yoga, and iyengar -- to create her own chronic pain/illness program.

image courtesy of kayla kurin

It didn’t take long for her to realize that yoga was beneficial, as she left her first session feeling “very relaxed, but also alert. It was a unique feeling and led me to believe that there might be something behind this whole yoga trend.”

Even then, it took about two to three months of regular practice before she could see lasting effects. There were days she was too exhausted to get on the mat, and when asked how she managed to keep a daily practice, she said at first she could only make herself do five minutes. Five minutes would turn into ten, and so on. As she said, “I think that for both yoga and meditation, the longer you practice consistently, the more results you will see.”

She recommends that patients start with a few different types of yoga to see what works best, such as restorative, iyengar, and gentle hatha classes. “For example, some people with CFS swear by hot yoga; others found it was much too intense,” she said.

Even patients who are bed-bound or recovering from severe injuries can find a way to participate in their recovery. Ms. Kurin encourages them to first check with their doctors before even trying deep breathing exercises or a bed yoga program.

Every class is adaptable. In the chronic pain/illness yoga program, the first few classes are entirely sitting or prone positions. They can be done from a bed or chair, the latter of which Ms. Kurin is going to implement into future online courses.

“For example, if a patient is not able to stand or has trouble switching positions, we can work together to make adjustments to the class so it works for them,” she says.

Her online chronic illness class runs for six weeks with hour-long videos, and costs about $100. It focuses on breathing exercises and relaxation techniques to lessen pain and stress, improve sleep, and increase energy. Students of any level will find benefits. While each chronic pain/illness series shares the same core lessons, there are enough tweaks that even repeat students will learn something new (as I am sure I will, since I took the previous class and adored it; my only complaints were technical in nature, as the microphone hookup had some reverb in the first two sessions).

While online videos don’t offer the immediate feedback from teachers that a live class does, Ms. Kurin likes this format because nobody has to miss a class because of pain or illness. Everything is at the individual student’s pace.

“If a student is struggling with any of the poses, I can make them a video showing them adjustments for their body,” Ms. Kurin said. She is planning live workshops for later this year, having just taught one on sleep and creativity in Greece; her next idea is a chronic pain workshop in Edinburgh, Scotland. She also wants to offer live classes over Skype, which excites me to no end.

I loved the flexibility of the class, how I didn’t have to push myself through sessions when I felt physically terrible. Instead of feeling like exercise, it felt like a day at the spa for my battered body. Ms. Kurin understands her students on a fundamental level; she knows that there are just some days you can’t do it.

But five minutes a day… We can handle that!

The Takeaway: Aroga Yoga, Yoga for Chronic Illness.

For £65 (or $100.38), you get six one-hour videos of yoga, meditation, and breathing exercises; one-on-one unlimited email support for the duration of the course and three months afterward; and two group chat sessions. The next course begins October 19 and ends November 30, and students have lifetime access to the videos.

I will be taking the course again. I hope to “see” you there!

J. W. Kain is an attorney in the Greater Boston area who also works as a writer and editor in her spare time.  She has chronic back and neck pain after two car accidents.

You can read more about J.W. on her blog, Wear, Tear, & Care.  

The information in this column should not be considered as professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It is for informational purposes only and represents the author’s opinions alone. It does not inherently express or reflect the views, opinions and/or positions of Pain News Network.

Patients Say Non-Opioid Therapies Often Don’t Work

By Pat Anson, Editor

Pain treatments recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as alternatives to opioids often do not work and are usually not covered by insurance, according to a large survey of pain patients.  Many also believe the CDC’s opioid prescribing guidelines discriminate against pain patients.

Over 2,000 acute and chronic pain patients in the U.S. participated in the online survey by Pain News Network and the Power of Pain Foundation. Most said they currently take an opioid pain medication.

When asked if they think pain patients are being discriminated against by the CDC guidelines and other government regulations, 95% said they “agree” or “strongly agree.”  Only 2% said they disagree or strongly disagree.

The draft guidelines released last month by the CDC recommend “non-pharmacological therapy” and “non-opioid” pain relievers as preferred treatments for chronic non-cancer pain. Smaller doses and quantities of opioids are recommended for patients in acute or chronic pain.  A complete list of the guidelines can be found here.

“Many non-pharmacologic therapies, including exercise therapy, weight loss, and psychological therapies such as CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) can ameliorate chronic pain," the CDC states in internal briefing documents obtain by PNN.

DO THE CDC GUIDELINES AND OTHER GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS DISCRIMINATE AGAINST PAIN PATIENTS?

“Several nonopioid pharmacologic therapies (including acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and selected antidepressants and anticonvulsants) are effective for chronic pain. In particular, acetaminophen and NSAIDs can be useful for arthritis and low back pain, and antidepressants such as tricyclics and SNRIs as well as selected anticonvulsants are effective in neuropathic pain conditions and in fibromyalgia.”

Most patients who were surveyed said they had already tried many of these non-opioid treatments and had mixed results, at best.

“Does the CDC really believe that a pain patient on long term opiates hasn't already tried everything else possible?” asked one patient.

“The CDC says don't do something but comes up with NO viable, realistic alternatives. Tylenol, etc., are unrealistic. Exercise is unrealistic when you are in too much pain to move! “ said another patient.

“Anti-anxiety meds are just as addictive. Over the counter pain medicines are not strong enough to cover the pain in a patient with chronic pain. And there are hundreds of pain patients who can't take NSAIDs because of an allergic reaction. Same thing with steroids,” wrote another.

When asked if exercise, weight loss or cognitive behavioral therapy had helped relieve their pain, only about a third of the patients surveyed said they “helped a lot” or “helped a little.” Nearly two-thirds said they “did not help at all.”

Over half said non-opioid medications such as Lyrica, Cymbalta, Neurontin, anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medications “did not help at all.”

Over the counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen and NSAIDs were even less helpful. Three out of four patients said they “did not help at all.”

“We must be mindful of the treatment options that the CDC guidelines stress over opioids,” said Barby Ingle, president of the Power of Pain Foundation. “For instance in my case, taking NSAIDS for an extended period (a little over 1 year) caused internal bleeding and ulcers which lead to being hospitalized, a surgical procedure, and months of home nursing and physical therapy that could have been avoided.

HAVE EXERCISE, WEIGHT LOSS, OR COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY HELPED RELIEVE YOUR PAIN?

“It is important to include a multi-disciplinary approach to care. We have to use non-pharmacological treatments and non-opioid medications in conjunction with more traditional treatments. Using chiropractic care, nutrition, good dental health, better posture, meditation, aqua therapy, etc., can go a long way in the management of chronic pain conditions.”

But the survey found that many of those treatments are simply out of reach for pain patients because they’re not covered by insurance.

When asked if their health insurance covered non-pharmacological treatments such as acupuncture, massage and chiropractic therapy, only 7% said their insurance covered most or all of those therapies.

About a third said their insurance “covers only some and for a limited number of treatments” and over half said their insurance does not cover those treatments. About 4% do not have health insurance.   

“I tried acupuncture and massage, paying out of my pocket, but neither helped. In fact, they hurt. I tried Lyrica, Savella, and Cymbalta. No luck. I do warm water aerobics three days a week WHEN I CAN TAKE MY OPIATES FIRST,” wrote one patient.

Although the CDC didn’t even raise the subject of medical marijuana in its guidelines, many patients volunteered that they were using marijuana for pain relief and that it worked for them.

DOES YOU INSURANCE COVER ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS SUCH AS ACUPUNCTURE, MASSAGE AND CHIROPRACTIC THERAPY?

“Alternative medicine is needed. I am a huge advocate of medicinal marijuana, in addition to opioids to treat my disease,” wrote a patient who suffers from CRPS (Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome).

“If cannabis was legal and accessible, it would greatly lessen the need for prescription pain medication,” said another patient.

“I should be able to get the proper medical marijuana legally. I have tried it from a friend and it helps tremendously. However, I will not purchase it because it is illegal. I pray every day I can get it someday,” said a patient who suffers from lupus, arthritis and other chronic conditions.

The survey found patients were evenly divided on whether they should be required to submit to urine drugs tests for both prescribed medications and illegal drugs.

"In order to receive my monthly pain medication, I must submit to a urine screen and a pill count each and every month. I must (whether they work or not) agree to have steroid injections every few months. While I don't have any problem to submitting to urine screenings or pill counts, I do not like having injections that provide no help. I am trapped playing this game,” said a patient.

“99.9% of pain patients are responsible adults but are treated like toddlers who need constant supervision. Pain patients are sicker, fatter, and poorer because they are pumped full of chemicals and steroids. Forced to be experimental guinea pigs or forced to suffer if they say NO,” said another patient.

DO YOU THINK PATIENTS PRESCRIBED OPIOIDS SHOULD BE REQUIRED TO HAVE URINE DRUG TESTS?

"As both a chronic pain patient and a provider I get to view this issue from multiple perspectives. Of course opioids aren't the first line treatment for chronic pain, and when they are used they shouldn't be the only treatment. They are one part of a larger toolkit for managing chronic pain," wrote a registered nurse practitioner.

"There are many fortunate people who are able to manage their pain without medication, or even recover from pain completely using some of the wonderful new interventions we now have available. But there are large numbers of patients out there who have tried all the other medications and dietary changes and injections and PT (physical therapy) modalities and mindfulness. And they are still left with pain that only responds to opiates."

For a complete look at all of the survey result, visit the "CDC Survey Results" tab at the top of this page or click here.