Gabapentin Won’t Cure the Opioid Crisis

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

The risk of prescribing gabapentin (Neurontin) off-label for pain management may finally be sinking into the medical community. The latest sign is an op/ed published in JAMA Internal Medicine, which warns that gabapentin is often ineffective for pain, may raise the risk of overdose, and “will not cure the opioid crisis”    

Gabapentin is a non-opioid medication that was originally developed as an anticonvulsant to treat epileptic seizures. In recent years, gabapentin prescribing has grown 5-fold, with a growing number of physicians prescribing it “off-label” for both acute and chronic pain. Some do it as an alternative to opioids, while others prescribe it in conjunction with opioids.

“Gabapentin is often thought of as a safe alternative for pain management and may be initially enticing as a nonopioid medication, though the evidence for its efficacy in pain control is limited,” wrote lead author Raegan Durant, MD, a Professor at University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine and Associate Editor at JAMA.

“With more restrictive opioid prescribing guidelines, physicians may be struggling to treat pain effectively and more frequently turning to gabapentin as a nonopioid option. However, avoidance of opioids at the expense of either more frequent use of gabapentin or concurrent gabapentin and opioids simply exposes patients to similar risks for harm often without improving the likelihood of actual pain relief.”

The warning from Durant and JAMA Associate Editor Audrey Han, MD, stems from a recent study about the “alarming upward trajectory” of gabapentin being co-prescribed with opioids.  From 2006 to 2018, overlapping prescriptions for the two medications rose by 344 percent, with many of the prescriptions being written by pain specialists.

Gabapentin is only approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat partial seizures, nerve pain from shingles and restless leg syndrome, but is also widely prescribed off-label for fibromyalgia, neuropathy, migraine and other pain conditions – despite little evidence supporting its use.  

In addition to poor pain relief, many patients who take gabapentin report side effects such as dizziness, confusion, drowsiness, mood swings and weight gain. A 2019 study linked gabapentin to a growing number of attempted suicides.

Gabapentin may cause euphoria, feelings of intoxication, and enhance the effects of opioids and other drugs. The FDA has warned that gabapentin may cause serious breathing problems and respiratory depression, especially in older adults. A recent study found gabapentin raises the risk of delirium in seniors recovering from surgery.

Gabapentin Raises Risk of Delirium in Older Surgery Patients

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

It’s become trendy in recent years for U.S. hospitals to use gabapentin (Neurontin) as a “safer” alternative to opioids for post-operative pain.  But a large new study has found that gabapentin increases the risk of delirium and other adverse health effects in older patients recovering from surgery.

The study, published in JAMA Internal Medicine, looked at nearly a million patients over the age of 65 who had major surgical procedures, including cardiac, orthopedic and gastrointestinal surgeries. About 12% of the patients received gabapentin and other analgesics for perioperative pain management between the day of surgery and two days after surgery.

Researchers found that gabapentin “modestly increased” the risk of delirium, a mental state in which a person becomes confused, disoriented and unable to think or remember clearly. Patients who received gabapentin were also more likely to be prescribed antidepressants and other anti-psychotic drugs, and to develop pneumonia.

“Considering the increasing number of major surgeries performed in older adults, and the negative consequences of perioperative delirium, our findings raise concern about an increasingly adopted clinical practice that involves routine use of gabapentin as part of multimodal analgesia,” wrote lead author Dae Hyun Kim, MD, a geriatrician and epidemiologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Assistant Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School.

“On the basis of these findings and those of meta-analyses of RCTs (randomized controlled trials) showing a weak opioid-sparing effect of gabapentin, clinicians should reconsider routine use of gabapentin for perioperative pain management among older adults and individualize the treatment decision after assessing the risk of immediate harms vs opioid-sparing benefits of perioperative gabapentin use.”

‘Windfall Medication’

Although gabapentin is an anti-convulsant that was originally developed to treat epilepsy, it is increasingly prescribed “off-label” to treat various types of pain. In 2016, the American Pain Society recommended that gabapentin be used “around the clock” for post-operative pain because it lowered pain scores and reduced the use of opioids. But studies later found the drug was ineffective for post-operative pain and actually increased the risk of an overdose.

An editorial published in JAMA Internal Medicine said the new study demonstrates that the risks of gabapentin outweigh its potential benefits in older patients.

“These results are consistent with what is now a growing body of literature suggesting that gabapentin may not be the windfall medication for perioperative pain management that surgeons hoped it might be for decreasing opioid use. The adverse events reported in this study (delirium, antipsychotic use, and pneumonia) add to similar findings that gabapentin, especially when used concomitantly with opioids, increases the risk of postoperative sedation and dizziness,” wrote lead author Zachary Marcum, PharmD, University of Washington School of Pharmacy.  

“As the use of gabapentin continues to rise, it is critically important clinicians understand its risks, especially for older adults. Poorly controlled postoperative pain is associated with several complications, including cognitive impairment, delirium, depression, decreased mobility, and longer recovery.”

It’s a common misconception that patients often become addicted to opioids after surgery. A 2016 Canadian study found that long term opioid use after surgery is rare, with only 0.4% of older adults still taking opioids a year after major elective surgery. A 2018 study at Harvard Medical School had similar findings. Only 0.6% of patients who were prescribed opioids for post-operative pain were later diagnosed with opioid dependence, abuse or a non-fatal overdose.

Gabapentin Is Not a Good Substitute for Rx Opioids

By Crystal Lindell, PNN Columnist 

Gabapentin (Neurontin) is not a good medication for pain relief. If it was, everyone in pain would just take it. 

A lot of doctors seem to think it is a direct substitute for opioids though. And it’s leading to a lot of suffering. 

A doctor first gave me gabapentin back in 2012. That’s when I started having debilitating pain around my right ribs. I didn’t know it yet, but it was the kind of pain that would never go away.

At the time, I was extremely uninformed on how I’d be treated as a patient with no known cause for my pain. I assumed that because I could point to exactly where the pain was coming from that the doctors would be able to figure out the cause and then fix it. That’s what always happened on House, ER, Scrubs, Grey’s Anatomy, and General Hospital.

When that didn’t happen, I still assumed my doctor would believe me. That, while I sat there crying in his office, confessing my plan to kill myself to escape the pain, at the very least he would give me the most effective medication he knew of for treating the pain. 

I was wrong on all accounts.  

While my doctor pretended he was giving me the most effective medication he knew of, he instead handed me a prescription for gabapentin. 

And I took it. Exactly as prescribed. 

He never went over side effects with me, and the list on the pharmacy pamphlet was so long that I assumed most of them were rare. So when I started gaining weight, I blamed it on being home and in pain all the time.  

When gabapentin didn’t help with the pain, I went back to my doctor and told him as much. He increased the dose, while assuring me that that was all that was needed. 

Wash, rinse, repeat, until I was on the highest allowable dose. Still with no relief. 

And to be clear, the pain was awful. It was worse than whatever you just thought of. And it was constant. That’s the killer. It never let up. I never got a break. I’d go days without even minutes of sleep because the pain kept me awake. 

The pain was so bad that suicide became a logical treatment option. What’s the point in living a life with no quality in it?

I started showing up at my doctor’s office when they opened, in tears after being awake all night in excruciating pain, asking for help. Still giving my doctor 100 percent of my trust. Still assuming he had my best interest in mind.  

I remember sitting on the exam table, wanting to die, while my friend who had driven me to his office at 7 a.m. held my hand. I begged my doctor for help. And he said, “Well what do you want me to do? I can’t up your gabapentin prescription any more. You’re on the max dose.” And then he sent me home. 

I didn’t even know enough about pain management at that point to want opioids, much less to know they were being denied to me. I didn’t know the doctors were prescribing a seizure medication because of opioid phobia. 

Not long after that, my doctor would break up with me. Or, well, whatever you call it when a doctor says he will no longer treat you and then follows it up with, “So don’t come in anymore.”

He literally gave up. And I would have too, if my pain had gone on much longer. 

‘Opioids Saved My Life’

Eventually, I found a new doctor at a university hospital. He believed me. He prescribed me enough opioids to function. And that’s literally the reason I’m still here. 

Opioids saved my life. In many ways, gabapentin almost took it. 

But it also did something else. It destroyed my trust in doctors and medical professionals. If they could look me in the eye while handing me a prescription they knew wouldn’t help me, what else could they lie about? What else were they hiding from me?

Back then, prescribing gabapentin in place of opioids was a relatively new practice. After that experience, I had hoped it would go away. Instead, it gained traction. 

According to data from IQVIA, gabapentin was prescribed over 33 million times in the U.S. in 2011, which is about the time opioid prescriptions peaked. By 2018, the number of prescriptions for gabapentin had increased to over 67 million. 

Anecdotally, a lot of people I know with various pain ailments have been offered gabapentin in place of opioids by their doctors as recently as this year.

Since I’m so open when discussing my health issues, it’s common for people I know to ask what my experience was like on various medications. I never know what to tell them when they ask about gabapentin. I’m too worried about being wrong to warn them off of it completely. After all, what if it helps them? I don’t want to keep them from anything that might relieve their pain.

Doctors don’t seem to grapple with this though. For them, addressing patient pain has moved over into optional, right alongside unnecessary cosmetic surgery.

They are literally doing harm. And the practice of giving unproven medication out for pain continues.

Here’s a 2019 article by The New York Times detailing this problem, and the lack of evidence supporting the use of gabapentin for pain.

“One of the most widely prescribed prescription drugs, gabapentin, is being taken by millions of patients despite little or no evidence that it can relieve their pain,” wrote columnist Jane Brody.

In other words, it’s been two years since The New York Times made this clear, but doctors are still prescribing it for pain.

That article misses one key point though. Brody says there are non-gabapentin alternatives to opioids that help pain, but then goes on to list “physical therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnosis and mindfulness training.”

As a pain patient, I’m here to tell you that none of those are real alternatives to opioids either. While they can all be helpful tools, they can’t replace opioids for real pain relief.

Which brings us to the problem. Our society, with guidance from the CDC, decided to take away everyone’s opioids – without having a real plan to replace them. Because there are no alternatives as good as opioid pain medication.

The general public might worry about their pain treatment if the CDC admitted that. So instead, we are sold a lie about gabapentin. We are told it is just as effective as hydrocodone for all sorts of pain, and that anyone who insists on opioids is just looking to get high.

No matter how much people use gabapentin, physical therapy and mindfulness to treat pain, they just don’t work the way opioids do.

Opioid-phobia is a big messy topic, and doctors replacing opioids with gabapentin are just one small part of that story. But for people who are suffering because of their doctor’s overreliance on gabapentin, it often feels like the most important part. 

There’s such an easy answer to this problem too: Just give people opioid medication. When used responsibly, it’s incredibly safe, cheap, and best of all, it actually works.

Crystal Lindell is a journalist who lives in Illinois.  After five years of unexplained rib pain, Crystal was finally diagnosed with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Should Gabapentin Be Used to Treat Alcohol Abuse?

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Gabapentin (Neurontin) is so widely prescribed for so many different conditions that a Pfizer executive infamously compared it to “snake oil” in a 1999 email.

“Gabapentin is the snake oil of the twentieth century. It has been successful in just about everything they have studied,” said Christopher Wohlberg, who was a Pfizer Medical Director at the time.

Although only approved by the FDA to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain caused by shingles, gabapentin is widely prescribed off-label to treat fibromyalgia, anxiety, depression, ADHD, migraine, bipolar disorder, restless leg syndrome and a growing number of other conditions.  

Already the 6th most widely prescribed drug in the United States, gabapentin is also being touted as a treatment for alcohol abuse.

In a small study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, researchers found that gabapentin was effective in treating patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) – problem drinking that has become severe. Compared to a placebo, gabapentin significantly increased abstinence and reduced heavy drinking days, especially for those who suffer from symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.

“The weight of the evidence now suggests that gabapentin might be most efficacious after the initiation of abstinence to sustain it and that it might work best in those with a history of more severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms,” concluded lead author Raymond Anton, MD, an addiction psychiatrist and professor at the Medical University of South Carolina.

“Armed with this knowledge, clinicians may have another alternative when choosing a medication to treat AUD and thereby encourage more patient participation in treatment with enhanced expectation of success.”

As many as 30 million Americans have AUD, but only about a million are taking a medication to help them reduce drinking or maintain abstinence. The FDA has approved three drugs (naltrexone, disulfiram and acamprosate) for the treatment of alcohol abuse.

Side Effects and Abuse

The suggestion that gabapentin should also be prescribed for AUD comes at a time when the drug is already under scrutiny for its abuse and side effects, including an association with a growing number of suicide attempts. Patients prescribed gabapentin often complain of mood swings, depression, dizziness, fatigue and drowsiness.    

Although the CDC’s controversial 2016 opioid guideline calls gabapentin and its chemical cousin pregabalin “first-line drugs” for neuropathic pain, a recent clinical review found little evidence that either drug should be used off-label to treat pain.

Gabapentin does not carry the same risk of addiction and overdose as opioid pain relievers, but illicit drug users have discovered that gabapentin can heighten euphoria caused by heroin and other illicit opioids. Should a drug like that be used to treat addiction?

Hundreds of clinical studies are underway to find new uses for gabapentin, not only for alcohol abuse, but for a cornucopia of conditions such as obesity, insomnia, breast cancer, asthma, menopause and overactive bladder. One recent study even found that gabapentin improves sexual desire in women with vulvodynia.

Instead of finding new uses for an old medication, maybe it’s time to come up with a new drug.

FDA Warns of Serious Breathing Problems Caused by Gabapentinoids

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is warning that serious breathing problems can occur in patients who use gabapentin or pregabalin with opioids or other drugs that depress the central nervous system. The elderly and patients with lung problems are at higher risk when they use the drugs, according to an FDA drug safety communication.

The advisory is the latest in a series of warnings about gabapentinoids, a class of nerve medication increasingly prescribed as an alternative to opioid painkillers. There are growing reports of gabapentinoids being abused or raising the risk of overdose and suicide.

“Reports of gabapentinoid abuse alone, and with opioids, have emerged and there are serious consequences of this co-use, including respiratory depression and increased risk of opioid overdose death,” Douglas Throckmorton, MD, deputy director for Regulatory Programs in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a statement.

“In response to these concerns, we are requiring updates to labeling of gabapentinoids to include new warnings of potential respiratory depressant effects. We are also requiring the drug manufacturers to conduct clinical trials to further evaluate the abuse potential of gabapentinoids, particularly in combination with opioids, with special attention being given to assessing the respiratory depressant effects.”

Gabapentinoid products include gabapentin, which is marketed under the brand name Neurontin, and pregabalin, which is marketed as Lyrica. Generic versions of the drugs are also available.

Gabapentinoids were originally developed to prevent seizures, but their use has tripled over the past 15 years. The drugs are approved to treat a variety of chronic pain conditions, such as fibromyalgia, neuropathy and shingles. They are also widely prescribed off-label.

According to the FDA, over 13 million people filled a prescription for gabapentin in 2016, while over 2 million patients were prescribed pregabalin. Nearly one in five of those patients were also taking opioids.

“Pairing an opioid with any CNS depressant – a gabapentinoid, benzodiazepine, sedating antidepressant, sedating antipsychotic, antihistamine, or other product – will increase the risk of respiratory depression. Shifting treatment from one CNS depressant to another may pose similar risks,” the FDA said.

A Dozen Deaths

The agency said it received 49 case reports of serious breathing problems in patients taking gabapentinoids, including 12 people who died from respiratory depression. It’s advising doctors, caregivers and patients taking gabapentinoids to be alert for signs of confusion, disorientation, dizziness, sleepiness, slow or shallow breathing, unresponsiveness, or bluish-colored lips, fingers and toes.

A 2018 study by Australian researchers found that gabapentinoids often had side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness and nausea. Another study found that combining gabapentin with opioids significantly raises the risk of dying from an overdose. And a recent analysis of calls to U.S. poison control centers found a significant increase in suicide attempts involving gabapentin.

There have also been increasing reports of gabapentin and pregabalin being abused by illicit drug users, who have learned they can use the medications to heighten the high from heroin, marijuana, cocaine and other substances.

A recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine found little evidence that gabapentinoids should be used off-label to treat pain and said their effectiveness was often exaggerated by prescribing guidelines. The CDC’s 2016 opioid guideline recommends gabapentin and pregabalin dozens of times as alternatives to opioids, without saying a word about their abuse or side effects.

“Our goal in issuing today’s new safety labeling change requirements is to ensure health care professionals and the public understand the risks associated with gabapentinoids when taken with central nervous system depressants like opioids or by patients with underlying respiratory impairment. However, we do not want to unintentionally increase opioid use by turning prescribers away from this class of pain medications,” Throckmorton said.

Gabapentin Linked to Growing Number of Suicide Attempts

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

We’ve reported several times about the abuse and lack of effectiveness of gabapentin, a nerve medication increasingly prescribed to treat fibromyalgia, neuropathy and other types of chronic pain.

It turns out gabapentin is also involved in a growing number of attempted suicides.

In a large new study published in the journal Clinical Toxicology, University of Pittsburgh researchers looked at over 90,000 calls involving medications to U.S. poison control centers. They found that calls about gabapentin and the muscle relaxant baclofen increased significantly just as opioid prescriptions began declining.

“Gabapentin and baclofen are two medications that have seen increased availability to patients as alternatives to opioids for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. With greater accessibility, poison center exposures have demonstrated a marked increase in toxic exposures to these two medications,” wrote lead author Kimberly Reynolds of the University of Pittsburgh.

“As poison center data do not represent the totality of cases in the United States, the steep upward trends in reported exposures reflect a much larger problem than the raw numbers would suggest.”     

Between 2013 and 2017, calls involving the abuse and misuse of gabapentin went up nearly 120 percent, while reports of baclofen being abused or misused rose nearly 32 percent from 2014 to 2017.

Even more concerning is that calls about attempted suicides involving gabapentin rose 80 percent, while calls about attempted suicides with baclofen increased 43 percent. Co-ingestion of sedatives and opioids were common for both medications.

Only 19 deaths involving gabapentin were identified as possible suicides during the five-year study period, but there were thousands of gabapentin-related calls each year coded as attempted suicides — including over 10,000 calls in 2017 alone.

SOURCE: CLINICAL tOXICOLOGY

“It would be anticipated that patients who are prescribed gabapentin and/or baclofen would be more likely to be treated for mood disorders and pain as they are frequently comorbid and therapy overlaps significantly,” researchers said.

“Gabapentin has specifically been recognized for its misuse and diversion potential, synergistic effect with opioid use, and contribution to use disorders. Baclofen misuse has not been as frequently described but is anecdotally observed and associated with severe toxicity, physical dependence, and complicated withdrawal.”

Gabapentin was the 10th-most widely prescribed drug in the U.S. in 2017. Calls to poison control centers about gabapentin were highest in Kentucky and West Virginia, two of the states hardest hit by the opioid crisis. Calls about baclofen were highest in Kentucky, Maine and New Mexico.

The researchers recommend that patients who are prescribed gabapentin or baclofen be prescreened for substance use disorders, mood disorders and suicidal ideation.

FDA Gabapentin Warning

The Food and Drug Administration warned in 2008 that all patients being treated with gabapentin or ten other antiepileptic drugs should be informed about the risks of suicidal thoughts and actions.

The FDA reviewed 199 clinical trials of the drugs and found that patients who received them had almost twice the risk of suicidal behavior or ideation (0.43%) than patients on a placebo (0.24%). That means there would be one additional case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated with an antiepileptic drug.

“All patients who are currently taking or starting on any antiepileptic drug for any indication should be monitored for notable changes in behavior that could indicate the emergence or worsening of suicidal thoughts or behavior or depression,” the FDA said.

Gabapentin (Neurontin) and its chemical cousin pregabalin (Lyrica) belong to a class of nerve medication called gabapentinoids. Both drugs were originally developed to treat epileptic seizures, but are now widely prescribed off label to treat a variety of chronic pain conditions.    

A recent Swedish study found that patients taking gabapentinoids had higher rates of overdose, suicide and suicidal behavior than the general population. The risks were strongest in teens and young adults.

A recent clinical review found little evidence that gapapentinoids should be used off-label to treat pain and that prescribing guidelines often exaggerate their effectiveness. The CDC’s controversial 2016 opioid guideline, for example, calls gabapentin and pregabalin “first-line drugs” for neuropathic pain.

In a new draft report being funded by the CDC, researchers say gabapentin showed only “small improvements” in pain for people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and fibromyalgia. The study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is expected to finalized in early 2020.

8 of 10 Doctors Won’t Take New Patients on Opioids

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Nearly three quarters of primary care doctors (72%) worry that chronic pain patients will use illicit drugs if they lose access to prescription opioids, according to a new survey by Quest Diagnostics. And 77% believe the stigma surrounding drug addiction impairs patient care.

Despite those concerns about patient stigma and illegal drug use, the online survey of 500 physicians found that 8 out of 10 are reluctant to take on new patients who are currently prescribed opioids.

“Quest Diagnostics undertook this research so that we could provide insights into the evolving drug crisis and the potential role of physicians’ perspectives about their patients in drug misuse and use disorders,” said Harvey Kaufman, MD, Senior Medical Director, Quest Diagnostics.

“We found that primary care physicians, who are on the front lines of the drug epidemic, are well-intentioned but under-prepared and may miss some of the drug misuse risks affecting their patients.”

Quest compared the survey results to an analysis of 4.4 million drug tests ordered by physicians for patients prescribed opioids and other controlled substances. The findings suggest that many physicians have a poor understanding of their patients’ drug use.

For example, Quest found that over half of patients (51%) showed signs of misusing a prescribed drug, yet 72% of physicians believe their patients take controlled medications as prescribed.

Quest broadly defines drug “misuse” by including the absence of a prescribed medication. Many patients choose not to take a drug because they can’t afford it, don’t like its side effects, or feel they don’t need it. Patients required to have drug tests are also not representative of the general population.

Other key findings:

• 62% of doctors believe the opioid crisis will morph into a prescription drug crisis

• 24% of patients combined legal medications with other non-prescribed drugs or illicit substances

• 95% of doctors are confident in their ability discuss drug misuse with patients, but only 55% actually do

• 70% of doctors wish they had more training on how to taper patients off opioids.

• 75% of doctors wish they had more training on addiction

The Quest lab tests also found concerning results about the misuse of gabapentin (Neurontin), an anti-convulsant drug increasingly prescribed to treat pain. Over 13% of patients showed signs of misusing gabapentin in 2018, making it the mostly commonly misused prescription drug.

Nearly 8 out of 10 doctors (78%) said they often prescribe gabapentin as an alternative to opioids, but only 34% were concerned about its misuse.

“A vast majority of physicians recognize the need for more tools to prevent opioid drug misuse and substance use disorders, and that is why many are tightening opioid prescribing and turning to gabapentin as an alternative,” said pain specialist Jeffrey Gudin, MD, Senior Medical Advisor, Quest Diagnostics.

“While gabapentin may not have opioids’ addictive potential, it can exaggerate euphoric effects when combined with opioids or anxiety medications. This drug mixing is dangerous.”

Gabapentin and pregabalin (Lyrica) belong to a class of nerve medication known as gabapentinoids. A recent study found gabapentinoids increase the risk of suicide, overdose, traffic accidents and injuries in younger people. Sales of gabapentinoids have tripled in recent years in the United States, where they are often promoted in prescribing guidelines as safer alternatives to opioids.

Gabapentinoids Raise Risk of Suicide and Overdose in Younger People

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Gabapentinoids – a class of nerve medication widely prescribed to treat chronic pain – increase the risk of suicide, overdose, traffic accidents and head or body injuries in younger people, according to a large new study published in The British Medical Journal.

Sales of the two main gabapentinoids, pregabalin (Lyrica) and gabapentin (Neurontin), have tripled in recent years in the United States, where they are often promoted in prescribing guidelines as safer alternatives to opioids.

A team of researchers followed nearly 192,000 people enrolled in the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register who filled prescriptions for gabapentinoids on at least two consecutive occasions from 2006 to 2013. That information was compared to data in the Swedish Patient Register, which collects information on hospital admissions and outpatient care, as well as the Swedish Cause of Death Register.

Over the study period, researchers found that patients taking gabapentinoids had higher rates of suicide or suicidal behavior (5.2%), unintentional overdose (8.9%), traffic accidents (6.3%) and head or body injuries (36.7%) than the general population.

The risks were strongest for people who were prescribed pregabalin and were most pronounced among adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 24.  Patients aged 55 and older taking gabapentinoids were not at greater risk.

Researchers believe the drugs may have more impact on younger people because they have faster metabolisms, which could lead to withdrawal problems that affect their impulsivity and emotions.

“Overall, gabapentinoids seem to be safe for a range of outcomes in older people. However, the increased risks found in adolescents and young adults prescribed gabapentinoids, particularly for suicidal behaviour and unintentional overdoses, warrant further research,” said lead author Seena Fazel, MD, of the University of Oxford in England.

“If our findings are triangulated with other forms of evidence, clinical guidelines may need review regarding prescriptions for young people, and those with substance use disorders. Further restrictions for off-label prescription may need consideration.”

Pregabalin is approved by the FDA to treat diabetic nerve pain, fibromyalgia, post-herpetic neuralgia caused by shingles and spinal cord injuries; while gabapentin is approved for epilepsy and post-herpetic neuralgia. Both drugs are also widely prescribed off-label to treat back pain, depression, migraine and other chronic conditions.

Gabapentinoids are increasingly being used recreationally by addicts who have found the medications enhance the effects of heroin and other opioids. The drugs were recently classified as controlled substances in the UK.

Gabapentin is not currently scheduled as a controlled substance by the DEA, while Lyrica is classified as a Schedule V controlled substance, meaning it has low potential for addiction and abuse.  

A recent clinical review found little evidence the drugs should be used off-label to treat pain and that prescribing guidelines often exaggerate their effectiveness. The CDC’s controversial opioid guideline, for example, calls gabapentin and pregabalin “first-line drugs” for neuropathic pain.

“Despite documentation that these drugs were promoted improperly for off-label treatment of pain, the recent rapid increase in prescribing of gabapentinoids suggests a persisting sense among clinicians that gabapentinoids are highly effective pain medications,” wrote Christopher Goodman, MD, and Allan Brett, MD, of the University of South Carolina School of Medicine.

“Guidelines and review articles have contributed to this perception by often uncritical extrapolation from FDA-approved indications to off-label use.”

Doctors Say Guidelines Exaggerate Effectiveness of Lyrica and Neurontin

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

There is little evidence that gabapentin (Neurontin) and pregabalin (Lyrica) should be used off-label to treat pain and prescribing guidelines often exaggerate their effectiveness, according to a new clinical review in JAMA Internal Medicine.

Gabapentin and pregabalin belong to a class of nerve medication known as gabapentinoids. The drugs were originally developed to prevent seizures, but their use has tripled over the past 15 years as more doctors prescribed them for a variety of chronic pain conditions. It is a common practice for doctors to prescribe drugs “off label” for treatments that are not FDA-approved.

“Gabapentinoids have become frequent first-line alternatives in patients with chronic pain from whom opioids are being withheld or withdrawn, as well as in patients with acute pain who traditionally received short courses of low-dose opioid,” wrote Christopher Goodman, MD, and Allan Brett, MD, of the University of South Carolina School of Medicine.

“The evidence to support off-label gabapentinoid use for most painful clinical conditions is limited. For some conditions, no well-performed controlled trials exist.”

Gabapentin is only approved by the FDA to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain caused by shingles, but it is prescribed off label to treat depression, ADHD, migraine, fibromyalgia and bipolar disorder.  Pregabalin is approved by the FDA to treat diabetic nerve pain, fibromyalgia, post-herpetic neuralgia caused by shingles and spinal cord injuries, but it is also widely prescribed off-label to treat other types of pain.

The drugs are sold by Pfizer under the brand names Lyrica and Neurontin. The company has paid nearly $1 billion in fines for misleading and improper marketing of the drugs for off-label use.

“Despite documentation that these drugs were promoted improperly for off-label treatment of pain, the recent rapid increase in prescribing of gabapentinoids suggests a persisting sense among clinicians that gabapentinoids are highly effective pain medications,” the doctors wrote.

“Guidelines and review articles have contributed to this perception by often uncritical extrapolation from FDA-approved indications to off-label use.”

Goodman and Brett say the wording in many medical guidelines “reinforces an inflated view of gabapentinoid effectiveness” by falsely claiming the drugs should be used to treat all types of nerve pain.

“Another example is the 2016 guideline on opioid prescribing from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which states broadly that gabapentin and pregabalin are first-line drugs for neuropathic pain, without further detail or specification,” they wrote. “Even for treatment of diabetic neuropathy (for which pregabalin is FDA approved and gabapentin is off-label), guideline conclusions tend to exaggerate effectiveness.”

Many patients who take gabapetinoids have side-effects such as dizziness or drowsiness, and there are an increasing number of reports that the drugs are being abused and sold on the street.   

Goodman and Brett have sounded the alarm before about the drugs, warning in a 2017 commentary in the The New England Journal of Medicine that “gabapentinoids are being prescribed excessively.”

They say doctors should do a better job warning patients about the side effects of gabapentinoids and the drugs should be stopped if a patient reports little or no benefit.  They also think medical guidelines should be revised to stop the promotion of gabapentinoids for any pain labeled as neuropathic.

Risky Combination: Opioids and Gabapentin

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Opioid medication significantly reduces low back pain, but opioids should not be used in combination with gabapentin (Neurontin) because of their limited effectiveness and potential for abuse, according to the authors of a small new study presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Pain Medicine.

"In these days, when we are focusing on reduction of opioids due to opioid crisis in the U.S., gabapentin could be an important part of multimodal non-opioid pain management," N. Nick Knezevic, MD, of the University of Illinois in Chicago told MedPage Today. "However, it should not be given to all patients since the effectiveness in chronic pain patients, particularly in those with low back pain, is limited."

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In a retrospective study, Knezevic and his colleagues looked at 156 patients with low back pain; half of whom were treated with opioids alone and the other half with a combination of opioids and gabapentin.

“According to our study, the combination of gabapentin with opioids was not statistically superior in providing pain relief, in contrast to opioids alone, in patients with chronic pain. Our results are in line with recent guidelines for low back pain treatment that reflect the need to assess the recommendation of gabapentinoids for chronic pain in patients already taking opiods to mitigate risk factors of abuse and overdose,” researchers found.

Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that was originally developed as a treatment for epilepsy, but is now widely prescribed for a variety of chronic pain conditions. Its use in primary care as a treatment for chronic back and neck pain has risen by 535% in the last decade, despite little evidence of its effectiveness.

"The fact that anticonvulsants are often advertised to be effective for 'nerve pain' may mislead the prescriber to assume efficacy for low back pain or sciatica," Oliver Enke, MD, of the University of Sydney, told MedPage.

A 2018 study by Australian researchers found that gabapentinoids did not reduce back pain or disability and often had side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness and nausea. Another recent study found that combining gabapentin with opioid medication significantly raises the risk of dying from an overdose than opioid use alone.

There have been increasing reports of gabapentin being abused by drug addicts, who have learned they can use the medications to heighten the high from heroin, marijuana, cocaine and other substances.

The CDC’s opioid prescribing guideline recommends gabapentin as a safer alternative to opioids, without saying a word about its potential for abuse or side effects.

A 2017 commentary in the The New England Journal of Medicine warned that gabapentinoids -- a class of nerve medication that includes both gabapentin and pregabalin (Lyrica) -- are being overprescribed.

"We believe… that gabapentinoids are being prescribed excessively — partly in response to the opioid epidemic,” wrote Christopher Goodman, MD, and Allan Brett, MD. “We suspect that clinicians who are desperate for alternatives to opioids have lowered their threshold for prescribing gabapentinoids to patients with various types of acute, subacute, and chronic noncancer pain."

Can Gabapentin Improve Your Sex Life?

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Over the years the nerve drug gabapentin (Neurontin) has been used to treat a cornucopia of chronic pain conditions, from fibromyalgia and diabetic neuropathy to hot flashes and shingles.

Gabapentin is so widely prescribed that a Pfizer executive once called the drug “the snake oil of the twentieth century” because researchers found it successful in treating just about everything they studied.

Add sexual function to the list.

In a small study, researchers at Rutgers University found that gabapentin improved sexual desire, arousal and satisfaction in 89 women with provoked vulvodynia, a chronic condition characterized by stinging, burning and itching at the entry to the vagina. Vulvar pain often occurs during intercourse, which leads to loss of interest in sex.

The improvements in desire, arousal and sexual satisfaction were small, but considered “statistically significant” in research parlance. Gabapentin did not improve lubrication or orgasm.

"Our theory was that reducing pelvic floor muscle pain might reduce vulvodynia pain overall and thus improve sexual function," said Gloria Bachmann, MD, director of the Women's Health Institute at Rutgers and lead author of the study published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

"We found that women with greater muscle pain responded better in terms of pain and improved arousal than those with less pain, which suggests that Gabapentin be considered for treatment in women who have significant muscle tightness and spasm in the pelvic region.”

Does this mean gabapentin is a female version of Viagra? Not necessarily, says Bachmann, who stressed that the study only focused on women with vulvodynia.

“We didn't research the question of gabapentin enhancing sexual function in all women,” Bachmann wrote in an email to PNN. “The decision to give gabapentin to a woman who reports chronic vulvar pain and sexual dysfunction would have to be made on an individual basis, depending on her medical history and the results of her physical and pelvic examination.

“From the data, it appears that women with increased muscle tenderness of the pelvic floor may be the group who benefit most from gabapentin.”

Sales of gabapentin have soared in recent years — not because it improves sexual satisfaction — but because it is seen as a safer pain reliever than opioid medication.

Patients prescribed gabapentin often complain of side effects such as mood swings, depression, dizziness, fatigue and drowsiness.  Drug abusers have also discovered that gabapentin can heighten the effects of heroin, cocaine and other illicit substances, and it is increasingly being abused.

Studies Warn of Pregabalin Deaths

By Pat Anson, Editor

Two new studies – one in Canada and one in Australia – should give pause to patients who use opioids and pregabalin (Lyrica), an anticonvulsant medication increasingly prescribed for fibromyalgia, neuropathy and other chronic pain conditions. Both studies found a number of overdose deaths that involve – but were not necessarily caused -- by pregabalin.

The Canadian study, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, looked at over 1,400 patients in Ontario on opioid medication from 1997 to 2016 who died from opioid-related causes. Another group of over 5,000 surviving opioid patients was used as a control group.

Researchers found that patients who were co-prescribed opioids and pregabalin had a significantly higher risk of an overdose.

The risk of death was over two times higher for patients receiving opioids and a high dose of pregabalin (over 300mg) compared to those who took opioids alone.

Patients on a low or moderate dose of pregabalin also had a heightened risk, although not as large.

Researchers say pregabalin has a sedative effect and may interact with opioids in ways that increase respiratory depression. Few doctors and patients are aware of the risk, even though over half of Ontario residents who begin pregabalin therapy are also prescribed an opioid.

"There is an important drug interaction between opioids and pregabalin that can lead to increased risk of fatal overdose, particularly at high doses of pregabalin," lead author Tara Gomes, PhD, of the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) and St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, told MedPage Today.

"Clinicians should consider carefully whether to prescribe opioids and pregabalin together. If they decide that both medications are clinically appropriate, they should start with low doses and monitor their patients closely."

Lyrica (pregabalin) and Neurontin (gabapentin) are both made by Pfizer and belong to a class of anticonvulsant nerve medication called gabapentinoids. Sales of gabapentinoids have tripled in recent years, in part because of CDC prescribing guidelines that recommend the drugs as alternatives to opioid medication.  

U.S. health officials have only recently started looking into the misuse and abuse of gabapentinoids, which are increasingly used by addicts to enhance the euphoric effects of heroin and other illicit opioids. While gabapentin  has a warning label cautioning users who take the drug with opioids, there is no similar warning for pregabalin.

“Although current product monographs for gabapentin contain warnings about serious adverse events when this agent is combined with opioids, those for pregabalin do not. The importance of our finding warrants a revision of the pregabalin product monographs,” wrote Gomes.

Pregabalin Abuse in Australia

Health officials in Australia are also concerned about the growing use of pregabalin.  Researchers at the NSW Poisons Information Centre say poisoning cases involving pregabalin rose from zero in 2005 to 376 cases in 2016.

“Our study shows a clear correlation between the rapid and continuous rise of pregabalin dispensing and an increase in intentional poisonings and deaths associated with pregabalin,” said lead author Dr. Rose Cairns, a specialist at the NSW Poisons Information Centre.

According to the Australian Journal of Pharmacy (AJP), there have been 88 recorded deaths associated with pregabalin in recent years. Most of the deaths involved young, unemployed males who had a history of substance abuse, particularly with opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol and illicit drugs.

“We believe that Australian doctors may not be aware of the abuse potential of pregabalin,” Cairns said. “Most patients who are prescribed this medication are in the older population but the group who are at high risk of overdosing are much younger. These people are likely to have been prescribed pregabalin despite having a history of substance abuse.”

According to researchers, up to two-thirds of people who intentionally misused pregabalin had a prior documented substance abuse history. “Prescribers need to consider this growing body of evidence that pregabalin has abuse potential before prescribing, especially to patients with substance abuse history,” said Cairns.

Pfizer did not respond to a request for comment on the Canadian and Australian studies.

Lyrica and Neurontin Ineffective for Low Back Pain

By Pat Anson, Editor

Lyrica, Neurontin and other anti-convulsant drugs are ineffective for treating low back pain and may even be harmful to patients, according to a new study published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal.

Prescriptions for anti-convulsant drugs have soared in recent years, as doctors seek “safer” alternatives to opioid pain medication.  Lyrica (pregabalin) and Neurontin (gabapentin) belong to a class of anti-convulsant nerve medications known as gabapentinoids. They are primarily used for treating nerve pain and fibromyalgia, but are increasingly being prescribed off-label to treat lower back and neck pain.

Australian researchers reviewed 9 placebo-controlled randomized trials and found high quality evidence that gabapentinoids did not reduce back pain or disability and often had side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness and nausea.

“The take-home message is that anti-convulsants are not effective and can lead to adverse effects in people with low back pain and radiating leg pain (eg, sciatica), so they should not be recommended to this patient population,” lead author Oliver Enke, MD, a researcher at the University of Sydney Medical School, told Helio Family Medicine.

Low back pain is the world’s leading cause of disability. Guidelines for treating low back pain usually recommend physical therapy, exercise and non-opioid pain relievers rather than stronger analgesics such as opioids or anti-convulsants.

A 2017 study published in PLOS Medicine also warned that pregabalin and gabapentin were ineffective for low back pain and have a “significant risk of adverse effects.” 

PNN readers often complain about side effects from Lyrica and Neurontin.

“I have used both medicines and neither help with lower back pain for me,” said Sheri. “I will say the mental confusion and memory loss on Lyrica is very real, but it takes a slight edge of pain away in my body as a whole from the fibromyalgia.”

“I can vouch that Lyrica does not help with back pain,” said Debra. “It helped with the nerve pain but I thought I was literally losing my mind. I couldn't remember simple words or synonyms for words.”

“I've been taking gabapentin for almost six months; it has helped my peripheral neuropathy, but I still suffer every day from arthritis in every joint of my body, including my lower back,” another reader wrote.

Lyrica and Neurontin are both made by Pfizer and are two of the company’s top selling drugs, generating billions of dollars in sales annually. Lyrica is approved by the FDA to treat diabetic nerve pain, fibromyalgia, post-herpetic neuralgia caused by shingles, and spinal cord injuries.

Neurontin is approved by the FDA to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain caused by shingles, but is also widely prescribed off-label to treat depression, ADHD, migraine, fibromyalgia and bipolar disorder. According to one estimate, over 90% of Neurontin sales are for off-label uses. About 68 million prescriptions were written for gabapentin in the U.S. last year, compared to 44 million in in 2013.

There have been increasing reports of gabapentinoids being abused by drug addicts, who have learned they can use the medications to heighten the high from heroin, marijuana, cocaine and other substances. Gabapentin is not currently scheduled as a controlled substance by the DEA, while pregabalin is classified as a Schedule V controlled substance, meaning it has a low potential for addiction and abuse.  

Growing Abuse of Gabapentin

By Christine Vestal, Stateline

Doctors who are cutting back on prescribing opioids increasingly are opting for gabapentin, a safer, non-narcotic drug recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

By doing so, they may be putting their opioid-using patients at even greater risk.

Recently, gabapentin has started showing up in a substantial number of overdose deaths in hard-hit Appalachian states. The neuropathic (nerve-related) pain reliever was involved in more than a third of Kentucky overdose deaths last year.

Drug users say gabapentin pills, known as “johnnies” or “gabbies,” which often sell for less than a dollar each, enhance the euphoric effects of heroin and when taken alone in high doses can produce a marijuana-like high.

Medical researchers stress that more study is needed to determine the role gabapentin may have played in recent overdose deaths. However, a study of heroin users in England and Wales published last fall concluded that combining opioids and gabapentin “potentially increases the risk of acute overdose death” by hampering breathing and reversing users’ tolerance to heroin and other powerful opioids.

Kentucky last year classified gabapentin as a controlled substance, making it harder for doctors to prescribe it in copious quantities and for long durations. The new classification also allows police to arrest anyone who illicitly sells the drug, although the state’s drug control chief, Van Ingram, said that was not the intent of the new law.

In the last two years, Illinois, Ohio, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Tennessee, Virginia and Wyoming also have moved to control the flow of gabapentin by requiring doctors and pharmacists to check a prescription drug database before prescribing it to patients to make sure they aren’t already receiving gabapentin, or some other medication that interacts with it, from another physician.

In a statement to Stateline, Pfizer communications director Steven Danehy said, “Reports of misuse and abuse with this class of medicines are limited and typically involve patients with a prior history of substance abuse, including opioids.”

The drugmaker also pledged to “continue working with regulatory authorities and health officials to evaluate and monitor the safety of these medicines.”

Prescribed for Many Conditions

Approved by the FDA in 1993 for the treatment of epilepsy and the nerve pain associated with shingles, gabapentin is sold by Pfizer under the brand name Neurontin. A generic form of the drug has been available since 2004 and is now sold by several other companies as well.

Gabapentin is now one of the most popular prescription drugs in the United States, according to the New England Journal of Medicine. It was the 10th-most-prescribed medication in 2016. Its more expensive cousin, pregabalin, sold as Lyrica and also made by Pfizer, was the eighth best-selling.

Many doctors recommend gabapentin to patients for a long list of disorders, including hot flashes, migraines, restless leg syndrome, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain associated with diabetes and spinal injuries. Some doctors also prescribe it for anxiety and insomnia.

Now, research is underway to determine whether gabapentin may be effective as a treatment for alcoholism.

Already, it is widely used to ease the symptoms of drug and alcohol detoxification. And addiction specialists routinely use gabapentin to manage pain in people who are either addicted or at risk of addiction to opioids and other substances.

Alone, high doses of gabapentin have not been found to affect breathing. The vast majority of gabapentin deaths, about 4 in 5, also involved opioids, according to the journal Addiction.

People who stop taking the medication abruptly, however, can suffer withdrawal symptoms such as trembling, sweats and agitation.

In February, Food and Drug Administration director Scott Gottlieb said the agency was reviewing the misuse of gabapentin and, for now, had determined no action was necessary. Similarly, the CDC has not issued a warning about gabapentin, nor has the Drug Enforcement Administration.

(Editor's note: the CDC opioid guidelines recommend gabapentin without any mention of the risk of abuse or overdose associated with the drug, or of possible side effects such as weight gain, anxiety and mood disorders.)

Early Signs of Abuse

In Kentucky, Ingram said it has been clear to police and pharmacists for the last three or four years that gabapentin was becoming an increasingly popular street drug. “People were seeking early refills, claiming they lost their prescriptions and openly conducting transactions in parking lots outside of drug stores,” he said.

But since it wasn’t a controlled substance, nothing was done about it. That’s likely to start changing with the new law, he said.

“Misuse of gabapentin is just one more collateral effect of the opioid epidemic,” said Caleb Alexander, an epidemiologist at Johns Hopkins University who has been studying the heroin and prescription drug epidemic. When one drug becomes less available, drug users historically seek out alternatives, he said. “What is most surprising is the sheer magnitude of its use.”

The share of Appalachian drug users who reported using gabapentin to get high increased nearly 30-fold from 2008 to 2014, according to a 2015 study in the American Journal of Psychiatry.

Paul Earley, an addiction doctor practicing in Georgia and a board member of the American Society of Addiction Medicine, said, “We knew that a small subset of our addiction patients would abuse gabapentin.” But he said it wasn’t until 2016, when Ohio sounded an alarm about the drug’s association with overdose deaths, that addiction doctors started taking the problem more seriously.

“For years, we considered gabapentin to be ‘good for what ails you,’” Earley said. “But I’m much more cautious than I used to be. If there’s anything we’ve learned from the opioid epidemic, it’s that we need to rethink how we prescribe drugs we once assumed were safe.”

This is story is republished with permission by Stateline, an initiative of The Pew Charitable Trusts.

Should Gabapentin Be a Controlled Substance?

By Pat Anson, Editor

The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration should consider scheduling gabapentin (Neurontin) as a controlled substance, according to researchers who studied the recreational use of the drug in Kentucky.

Gabapentin is a nerve medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat epilepsy and post-herpetic neuralgia (shingles), but it is also widely prescribed off-label to treat fibromyalgia, migraines, neuropathy and other chronic pain conditions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention even recommends gabapentin as a safer alternative to opioids.

Sales of gabapentin have soared in recent years. About 64 million prescriptions were written for gabapentin in the U.S. in 20l6, a 49% increase in just five years.

But drug abusers have also discovered that gabapentin can heighten the effects of heroin, marijuana, cocaine and other substances.

"People are looking for other drugs to substitute for opioids, and gabapentin has filled that place for some," said Rachel Vickers Smith, PhD, an assistant professor at the University of Louisville School of Nursing. “Some have said it gives them a high similar to opioids. It had been easy to get a prescription for gabapentin and it's very cheap."

Vickers Smith and her colleagues recruited 33 people from Appalachian Kentucky who used gabapentin recreationally and asked them about their drug use. Many reported they started taking gabapentin over 10 years earlier for a legitimate medical condition, such as pain and anxiety. Over time, they started using the drug to help them relax, sleep and get high.

“Focus group responses highlighted the low cost of gabapentin for the purpose of getting high and noted increasing popularity in the community, particularly over the last 2 years. Gabapentin was a prominent drug of abuse in two cohorts of the primarily opioid-using individuals. Providers should be aware of gabapentin’s abuse potential, and a reexamination of the need for scheduling is warranted,” researchers reported in the journal Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.

In 2017, Kentucky became the first state to classify gabapentin as a controlled substance, which makes it more difficult for the medication to be prescribed. Ohio’s Substance Abuse Monitoring Network also issued an alert warning of gabapentin misuse across the state.

‘Snake Oil of the 20th Century’

Gabapentin was first approved by the FDA in 1993 and sold by Pfizer under the brand name Neurontin. A few years later, it was so widely prescribed that a top Pfizer executive called gabapentin “the snake oil of the twentieth century” in an email. The company was later fined hundreds of millions of dollars for promoting Neurontin’s off-label use.

"Early on, it was assumed to have no abuse potential," says Vickers Smith. "There's a need to examine it in further detail, especially if prescribing it is going to be encouraged."

Federal health officials have only recently started looking into the misuse and abuse of gabapentinoids, a class of nerve medication that includes gabapentin and pregabalin (Lyrica).

"Our preliminary findings show that abuse of gabapentinoids doesn't yet appear to be widespread, but use continues to increase, especially for gabapentin," FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb, MD, said last week at a conference on opioid prescribing. "We're concerned that abuse and misuse of these drugs may result in serious adverse events such as respiratory depression and death. We want to understand changes in how patients are using these medications."

Gottlieb said FDA investigators are looking at websites and social media where opioid users discuss their use of gabapentinoids.

"We know we need to investigate and respond to signs of abuse as soon as signals emerge. We need to get ahead of these problems," he said.

Gabapentin is not currently scheduled as a controlled substance by the DEA, while Lyrica is classified as a Schedule V controlled substance, meaning it has a low potential for addiction and abuse.