4 Oldies But Goodies That Relieve Back Pain

By Dr. Forest Tennant, PNN Columnist 

In our studies, we routinely review persons with adhesive arachnoiditis (AA), Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Tarlov cysts and Epstein Barr autoimmunity. Our bulletins have, for the last two years, focused on new discoveries such as autoimmunity, medicinal agents, spinal fluid flow exercises, MRIs and laboratory testing.  

It’s a little embarrassing, but we haven’t sufficiently emphasized that some older treatments can still bring a lot of relief.  

AA causes considerable imbalance and unusual stretches to the muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints in the back, hips and pelvis. Consequently, these tissues become sprained, strained and inflamed. Many “old-time” measures can heal these tissues and enhance comfort and mobility. Here is a short summary of four that will be around for a long time since they simply provide comfort and relief. 

1. Ultrasound: Several years ago, we started using ultrasound for AA. The theory is that it may break up adhesions. While this may or may not happen, ultrasound often provides immediate relief that can last days or weeks. Medications such as cortisone cream can also be administered during ultrasound, which boosts their effectiveness. There are now hand-held ultrasound devices that can be purchased for use at home. 

2. Epsom Salts: Foot baths with minerals are convenient and soothing. Epsom salt baths are generally believed to “pull out” or detoxify the body of excess electricity and toxins. They can be most helpful for burning feet sensations and stabbing pains in the legs. 

3. Heating Pad: Heat dilates blood vessels, which brings more oxygen to the treated area and promotes healing. Heat also relaxes muscles that may be in spasm. 

4. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): Electrical currents act as an anesthetic on nerves and nerve roots. Pain in persons with AA may temporarily abate when an electric current is administered over the lower back. TENS can often break a flare.

The human body has remained unchanged for thousands of years. Remedies and treatments discovered long ago may still be applicable today. AA has many associated conditions including spinal fluid leaks, inflammation in tissues around the spine, muscle spasm, and radiating pain among others. Some “old-time” treatments may be a welcome adjunct to the 3-component medical protocols.

Forest Tennant, MD, DrPH, is retired from clinical practice but continues his research on the treatment of intractable pain and arachnoiditis. This column is adapted from an updated bulletin recently issued by the Arachnoiditis Research and Education Project. Readers interested in subscribing to the bulletins should click here.

The Tennant Foundation gives financial support to Pain News Network and sponsors PNN’s Patient Resources section.  

Electromedical Treatments for Arachnoiditis

By Dr. Forest Tennant, PNN Columnist  

Adhesive Arachnoiditis (AA) is an inflammatory, nerve root entrapment disease in which cauda equina nerve roots are glued by adhesions to the arachnoid-dural covering of the spinal canal. An inflamed tumor-like mass is formed inside the spinal canal that blocks spinal fluid flow, allows seepage of fluid into tissue outside the spinal canal and shuts off electrical impulses that activate the legs, feet, bladder, intestine and sex organs. Autoimmunity is produced and/or magnified by AA. 

We highly recommend a three-component protocol for AA to reduce inflammation and autoimmunity, regenerate damaged tissue and to provide pain control. Recent advances in electromedical therapies can help achieve these three goals. 

There are two basic types of electromedical devices available for AA treatment: electric current therapy (EC) and electromagnetic therapy (EM). 

Electric Current Therapy 

Almost everyone is familiar with “TENS” units, which stands for “transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.” These devices were the first electromedical therapies to relieve pain and promote healing.

TENS units deliver a single electric current into tissues to produce an anesthetic, pain relieving effect.  

Today, more advanced EC devices administer micro-currents and/or a combination of multiple currents with different frequencies. 

Electromagnetic Therapy 

There is a form of energy that is half electricity and half magnetism, which can be divided into wave lengths. The very shortest wave of electromagnetic energy is “atomic” and the longest is “radio.” The shortest wave used in medicine is “laser.” Other electromagnetic energy waves used for medical purposes include infrared, light and microwave. 

EC and EM devices, when placed over the lower back, deliver electric current or electromagnetic energy to the lumbar-sacral spinal canal and the spine’s surrounding tissue.

Modern devices use intermittent pulsation of electric currents or electromagnetic energy to penetrate the skin and subcutaneous tissue to reach the AA site, which is usually about 2-3 inches below the skin.  

Some devices use the label PEMF, which stands for “pulsed electromagnetic frequency.” We believe that the newer EC and EM devices can deliver electric currents or electromagnetic energy that, when pulsed, penetrate deep enough to reach the AA disease site. 

Although not totally curative, these devices usually bring about pain reduction in the 20 to 30% range. Within an individual’s financial capability, we recommend that an EC and/or EM device be used 2 to 3 times a week (not daily). EC and EM therapy are not substitutes for a medical protocol. 

EM and EC devices often produce some initial healing, but later seem to stop working. In this situation the device may have done its maximal healing. The devices can still be used periodically to prevent relapses and treat flares. 

Forest Tennant, MD, DrPH, is retired from clinical practice but continues his research on the treatment of intractable pain and arachnoiditis. This column is adapted from a bulletin recently issued by the Arachnoiditis Research and Education Project. Readers interested in subscribing to the bulletins should click here.

Dr. Tennant’s new book, "Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Adhesive Arachnoiditis” is available on Amazon. 

The Tennant Foundation gives financial support to Pain News Network and sponsors PNN’s Patient Resources section.   

Electro-Medical Therapy Can Help Treat Intractable Pain

By Forest Tennant, PNN Columnist

To maximize relief and recovery from Intractable Pain Syndrome (IPS), it is advisable to employ one or more electro-medical (EM) therapies. All persons with IPS are highly encouraged to try a variety of EM therapies, but only as an adjunct or add-on to their current medical treatment.

Electric Current Devices

Electric current (EC) therapy is probably the best known of the EM therapies. Electric currents primarily have an anesthetic effect, much like a local anesthetic such as lidocaine. They anesthetize nerves or spinal cord nerve roots and provide temporary pain relief. In some cases, EC therapy may even bring about long-term pain relief because electric currents sometimes reset electrical conduction of nerves.

EC devices can vary, like light bulbs, in power and frequency. One advance is called “micro current.” This is a low power frequency in which the current can be transmitted through the earlobe or scalp to treat headaches or central pain.

Electric currents of various powers and frequencies are now combined in products and devices such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators (TENS units), Calmare “Scrambler” therapy, and spinal cord stimulators. Devices with multiple currents usually bring a superior result compared to a single current device.

Unfortunately, only a therapeutic trial will tell you which EC therapy will help you. Many self-help TENS units are available for home use, and they should be tried. All persons who have IPS from a stroke or traumatic brain injury should consider a trial with micro-current therapy.

If you find an EC device that gives you relief, don’t use it every day. As with drugs, you may become tolerant, and the device will become ineffective. Give at least a day between treatments.

Electromagnetic Devices

Electromagnetic (EMT) devices are new to pain treatment and are quite different from EC devices because they use energy that is 50% electric and 50% magnetic. The energy is comprised of sub-atomic particles not usually visible to the naked eye.

EMT energy is generated by devices that manipulate the electric current that is found in every battery or household electrical socket. The energy is condensed into a wave that can be sent into human tissue with a transmitter wand, probe or plate. The energy wave can be administered in different frequencies and wave lengths that vary from a very slow, long wave to a very fast, short wave.

The three major types of EMT are laser, infrared and radio. Infrared is a low-frequency long wave, while radio has long, slow waves. Lasers can put out infrared waves, and also emit visible high energy frequencies which can cut, dissolve or ablate tissue.

In medical administration, long slow waves may penetrate several inches into the human body, while the short high frequency waves of laser and infrared will not normally penetrate human tissue by more than an inch. Some devices pulse the waves to get deeper tissue penetration. These devices are known as “Pulsed Electromagnetic Energy Frequency“ or PEMF.

Lasers may be able to totally remove or dissolve a pain “trigger.” For example, an experienced practitioner may be able to identify a pain trigger along the spine, or neuropathy in the face or extremity, and actually cure the condition with laser treatment.

Infrared is the most effective EMT for pain relief of a recent injury to the spine, joint or soft tissue. It is quite effective for contusions or joint swelling. Infrared can also help drive medication through the skin, so it is very effective if a cortisone cream is applied to the skin during infrared treatment.

Radio waves penetrate deeply. Their best use appears to be for spinal conditions, including herniated discs and other spinal inflammatory conditions, such as arachnoiditis. Deep penetrating radio waves will probably, at least in some cases, reach the interior of the spinal canal.

Major Take Home Point

Patients with IPS are constantly bombarded with the pitch that they need an electromagnetic “savior” such as an implanted electrical stimulator, or an expensive multi-electric current or electromagnetic course of treatment. The parties who sell and promote these devices are invariably unknowledgeable about the serious, relatively rare condition of IPS.

EC and EMT devices are made for acute or short-term pain and injury problems, not constant incurable pain with cardiovascular, endocrine and autoimmune complications.

Implanted electrical stimulators may be a “godsend” to some IPS patients, but they may not work or even cause more pain for others. This is why trials are done prior to implantation. The big problem is that there is so much money to be made with implanted stimulators that some unethical practitioners don’t tell you that they are mainly for breakthrough or flare pain.

There are many risks to implanted stimulators, so every IPS patient needs to remain on a 3-component medical program that combines suppression of inflammation, repair of damaged tissue and pain control.

Once you are on this 3-component protocol and have a good nutritional and physical program solidly in place, then give electromedical measures a try. Simple measures like water soaking or magnets may  also be very helpful. Electromagnetic administration is relatively new and shows great promise!

Forest Tennant is retired from clinical practice but continues his research on intractable pain and arachnoiditis. This column is adapted from newsletters recently issued by the IPS Research and Education Project of the Tennant Foundation. Readers interested in subscribing to the newsletter can sign up by clicking here.

The Tennant Foundation gives financial support to Pain News Network and sponsors PNN’s Patient Resources section.    

Quell Customers to Receive $3.9 Million in Refunds

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

The U.S. Federal Trade Commission is sending refunds of nearly $3.9 million to consumers who bought Quell, a wearable nerve stimulation device touted as a drug-free treatment for chronic pain. The refunds are part of a settlement the FTC reached in March with NeuroMetrix – the maker of Quell – over deceptive advertising.

An FTC complaint alleged that NeuroMetrix and CEO Shai Gozani advertised Quell as an effective treatment for fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, sciatica, shingles and other chronic pain conditions without reliable scientific evidence to back it up.  

Two clinical studies cited in Quell advertisements had “substantial flaws,” according to the FTC, while a third study was based on a marketing survey conducted by the company to “generate potential advertising claims” about the device. The FTC also objected to claims that Quell was “clinically proven” and “FDA cleared” for chronic pain relief.

“Defendants engaged in their unlawful acts and practices repeatedly over a period of more than four years, continued their unlawful acts or practices despite knowledge of complaints that advertising claims for Quell were not substantiated and went beyond claims the FDA allowed for similar devices, and continued such deceptive advertising unabated until FTC staff notified them it would recommend law enforcement action,” the FTC complaint said.

Neurometrix settled the case – without admitting or denying the allegations – for $4 million. The company also agreed to stop claiming that Quell provides relief for chronic or severe pain beyond the knee area where the device is worn.

The FTC is using the settlement funds to send 2,144 refund checks and 67,998 refunds via PayPal to Quell purchasers. The average refund amount is $55.10 per customer. Consumers who do not receive a refund, but believe they should, should contact the refund administrator, Rust Consulting, at 1-866-403-6545.

The Quell device sells for $299, while an older version is available for $199. Quell is sold over-the-counter, does not require a prescription and is not usually covered by insurance.

NeuroMetrix recently announced that Quell will be used in a clinical trial on the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy  The study is being conducted at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, with funding from the National Institutes of Health. Quell is also being evaluated in a small study as a treatment for fibromyalgia.

‘Injectrode’ Could Revolutionize Neuromodulation Pain Treatment

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

A team of scientists and engineers has developed a flexible electrode that can be injected into the body to stimulate damaged nerves, relieve chronic pain and treat other conditions.

The so-called “injectrode” could revolutionize neuromodulation therapy by eliminating the need for invasive spinal cord stimulators and other surgically implanted medical devices.

Researchers used a liquid silicone base -- similar to surgical glue – and mixed it with small metal particles to make it electrically conductive.

When injected around a nerve and allowed to cure, the injectrode performs much like a metal wire, but remains flexible.

Current neuromodulation treatments often rely on rigid implanted devices that can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, require complex surgeries to install, and often fail or need to be replaced.

IMAGE COURTESY OF NEURONOFF

"Typical implants are really stiff, and so as the body moves, they wear and tear and break down. Our liquid cures, and the result is much closer to the normal elasticity of tissue. You can actually stretch it and increase its size 150 percent to 200 percent without losing its conductivity," says co-author Kip Ludwig, PhD, a professor of biomedical engineering and neurological surgery at University of Wisconsin-Madison.

“By virtue of its simplicity, the Injectrode has the potential to be less invasive, more robust, and more cost‐effective than traditional electrode designs, which could increase the adoption of neuromodulation therapies for existing and new indications.”

Ludwig and his colleagues reported their findings in the journal Advanced Healthcare Materials.

The injectrode has been tested on laboratory animals to stimulate their nervous systems. It was used in pigs to induce heart rate changes by stimulating the vagus nerve in the neck, an approach that's shown promise for treating heart failure, hypertension, lupus and cluster headaches.

"We essentially went through the standard repertoire of electrochemical tests to show this acts like a standard wire electrode that could be used to stimulate the nerve," says co-author James Trevathan, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in Ludwig's lab.

Ludwig co-founded Neuronoff, a company based on the injectrode, with Case Western Reserve University biomedical engineering professor Andrew Shoffstall, PhD, and Neuronoff CEO Manfred Franke, PhD. Neuronoff recently secured a $2.1 million grant from the National Institutes of Health to further develop the injectrode to stimulate spinal nerves as a treatment for chronic back pain.

The researchers are testing a scheme in which they inject the fluid around the nerve, then extrude a thin insulated string of the material back to just underneath the surface of the skin, where they inject more of the composite material. Then they can use a basic transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit to stimulate the nerve from the surface of the skin.

"We're making a bypass from the surface of the skin to the location we want to stimulate," says Ludwig, who envisions using a robotic surgical system to install the injectrode in a procedure similar to getting a tattoo.

"As we learn more and more about how to interface with the nervous system, we're not limited to what we've implanted through an invasive surgical procedure. We can actually change how we stimulate, how we talk to the nerve, because we're essentially just routing our connection to this deep nerve back to the surface of the skin."

Spinal cord stimulators have some of the worst safety records among medical devices, according to a 2018 report by investigative journalists. Stimulators are often touted as safer alternatives to opioid pain medication, but a review of FDA data found over 500 deaths and 80,000 injuries involving stimulators since 2008. Patients reported being shocked or burned by the devices and many had them removed.  

BioWave Device Helps Vietnam Vet with Chronic Pain

By Pat Anson, Editor

A few months ago, Vietnam veteran Gregg Gaston was depressed and suicidal. Gaston shared his story with PNN readers in a guest column, telling how he suffered from years of chronic pain caused by a failed back surgery, peripheral neuropathy and post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD).

Despite his pain, Gaston’s doctor told him he was being cut back to a single dose of tramadol, a mild opioid analgesic. That was the last straw for Gaston, who at the age of 62 was fed up with debilitating pain and doctors who no longer wanted to treat it with opioids. In protest, Gaston fired his doctor and refused to fill his last prescription for tramadol.

GREGG GASTON

“I've given up and am waiting now to die. I've lived a great life and have no expectations of my quality of life improving,” Gaston wrote.  “Common sense is fast disappearing. I'm done fighting.”

Fast forward three months and there’s been a remarkable change in Gaston’s mood and quality of life. The folks at BioWave, a Connecticut medical device company, saw Gaston’s column and sent him one of their neurostimulation units, which use high frequency electrical impulses to block pain signals.

“I was skeptical at first. I really was,” Gaston says. “Being at the breaking point and feeling desperate, I was only too eager to try it. And for me, it really works. I’m not 100 percent pain free, but I can get out of bed in the morning. It’s great, it really is.”

Before he started using BioWave, Gaston says his pain level was usually a 7 or 8 on the pain scale. Today, even on a bad day, it’s only a 3.

“If you have chronic pain you know what a difference that is,” he says. “I used to often sleep no more than 2 hours at a time, now I often sleep through the entire night.”

Think of BioWave as a more advanced version of a TENS unit. Electrodes wired to a battery and control unit send two high frequency signals through the skin into deep tissue, where they stimulate blood flow and block pain signals.

Each treatment takes 30 minutes, and the pain relief can last anywhere from a few hours to a few days, depending on the patient and their condition.  

“I started using it several times a day. But as I got feeling better in my back, I dropped it down to once a day. Now it’s once every two or three days,” says Gaston, who takes no pain medication outside of an aspirin. “They saved my life. My quality of life is still not great, but it’s better than what it was.”

BIOWAVE IMAGE

BioWave has been around for a few years but is not widely known. It was first used by professional sports teams to treat athletes with sprains, tendonitis, muscle pain and other injuries. When it proved effective in treating chronic pain, dozens of pain clinics and VA hospitals started using BioWave devices.

BIOWAVE IMAGE

“Most of the treatments deal with chronic pain and I would say the majority deal with lumbar and cervical pain. That’s probably the bread and butter for our device, but certainly any extremity pain in the shoulder, elbow, elbow, wrist or ankle. We can really treat almost any location on the body,” says Brad Siff, BioWave’s founder and president.

The company says over 75% of patients respond to BioWave treatment, with a significant improvement in their pain scores, mobility and stiffness. The device can even help patients with complex conditions such as arachnoiditis, a chronic and incurable spinal disease.  

“There’s a handful of anecdotal data that we have where arachnoiditis patients have responded. Similarly, patients with failed back surgery have been treated with BioWave and it helped them," Siff told PNN.

"I’m not saying it reduces their pain 100 percent, but some may get a 30, 40, 50 percent reduction in their pain and it lasts for a long period of time following the treatment."

BioWave is currently available only by prescription, but later this summer the company hopes to get FDA approval for a wearable over-the-counter home unit that can be purchased directly by patients. The final pricing hasn’t been determined, but Siff expects it to be between $300 to $400.

For more information, you can visit BioWave at their website by clicking here or by emailing them at info@biowave.com.

Wear, Tear & Care: Rating Omron's Avail TENS Unit

By Jennifer Kilgore, Columnist

I don’t use TENS units very often. Since I wear the Quell on a daily basis, it usually seems superfluous -- unless I’m having a very bad day.

Then my TENS unit makes an appearance, wires snaking under my shirt and sticky pads placed wherever I can get them. The power pack is latched to my pants, and the result is that I feel like a moron. Even if there is nobody at home to witness my treatment, I become self-conscious. My cat has an opinion, I’m sure.

That’s why I was excited to try the Omron Avail TENS device. It’s wireless, has two large pads, and can be controlled from my phone. There’s no bulky battery pack to wear on my belt, no wires tangling me, and the pads themselves are larger than the unit I currently have. The coverage of more bodily real estate is always a winner for me.

The Avail TENS is a wearable electrotherapy device that is designed to alleviate chronic muscle and joint pain. It has various pre-programmed settings designed for the shoulder, arm, back or leg; as well as modes that include both TENS and microcurrent, the latter of which applies electrical stimulation that one can hardly feel. The TENS modes are much stronger in sensation.

IMAGE COURTESY OF OMRON

I actually didn’t know that microcurrents were used in pain relief -- I thought they only applied to anti-aging treatments at spas. However, this therapy mimics the body’s natural currents, which are believed to restore normal frequencies within cells.

I don’t know how well the microcurrent mode works yet, because I still experienced pain when I tried it.  I imagine it takes some getting used to and that benefits accrue over time. However, the TENS mode works wonderfully, and having such large pads means that I can get more coverage.

Treatment sessions run between 30 and 60 minutes, depending on the mode chosen. You can also set sessions to run indefinitely. To charge the sensors, they must be placed on a special charging box that comes with the device. I’ve managed to use it multiple times now after the initial charge.

IMAGE COURTESY OF OMRON

It is very easy to set up and use, as most of it is intuitive for a chronic pain patient. The device must be paired with your smartphone, and the app is fairly straightforward. The only thing that kept happening to me was that the pads would unlink with the app because I kept pressing the power button on the pads by mistake -- for instance, when I leaned back on a couch.

The pads stay on well. The "help” section of the app states I can use them up to 30 times, and replacement pads range from $12.75 to $19.99. I might resort to using athletic tape to keep them on longer, as I do with normal TENS pads. I know that isn’t advised, but I want these pads to last as long as possible.

So far, my only complaint is the slight bulkiness of the pad itself. Having a wireless device means that a sensor must be placed on the pad, which ties it to the app. These blink in orange or green lights, which are even visible from underneath two shirts. Granted, clothing manufacturers have been making clothing thinner and thinner so you are required to buy more clothes, so maybe that’s not Omron’s fault. There’s even a name for this clothing phenomenon: “planned obsolescence.”

Additionally, since my problem areas are on my back, sitting in a chair can be awkward. The pads stick out and rub against the seat, which turned them off once or twice. I don’t think the unit is meant to be worn all day, though, unless one plans to use microcurrents alone. The company only recommends that three TENS treatment sessions be completed on a daily basis.

My overall impression is a good one. I like the device, and I think it works well. It controls my pain when I use the TENS settings. I just wish the sensors on the pads were thinner -- that would help my back-pained compatriots (and me) when leaning back into a chair. That seems like a small complaint for such a device, though.

The Omron Avail is currently on sale for $159.99 (normally retails at $199.99). 

Jennifer Kain Kilgore is an attorney editor for both Enjuris.com and the Association of International Law Firm Networks. She has chronic back and neck pain after two car accidents.

Jennifer receives products or services mentioned in her reviews for free from the manufacturer. She only mentions those that she uses personally and believes will be good for readers. You can read more about Jennifer on her blog, Wear, Tear, & Care.  

The information in this column should not be considered as professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It is for informational purposes only and represents the author’s opinions alone. It does not inherently express or reflect the views, opinions and/or positions of Pain News Network.

New Wearable Devices for Chronic Pain

By Pat Anson, Editor

With opioid pain medications becoming harder to get and many patients looking for safer alternatives with fewer side effects, a growing number of companies are offering wearable “electrotherapy” devices for pain relief.

There’s the Cefaly headband for migraines, ActiPatch for sore muscles, AcuKnee for osteoarthritis, and the Quell nerve stimulator, which is designed to treat a range of chronic pain conditions. All are part of a fast growing $2.8 billion market for wearable medical devices.

“There’s a big problem brewing on the horizon. And that is the pain medications are being removed from the market, slowly but surely,” says Phillip Muccio, President and founder of Axiobionics, which has been making customized electrotherapy devices for 20 years.

“Electrical stimulation has a way of reaching into the body and interacting and coordinating what happens to the body. That’s why it a fascinating area of medicine because not a lot of things will do that, especially non-invasively and non-pharmacologically.”

Most of the new devices use a form of electrical stimulation to block or mask pain signals – a technique developed decades ago known as Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation (TENS).

Unlike the old TENS units, which are typically used for about 30 minutes, wearable devices are designed to be worn for several hours at a time or even while sleeping.

image courtesy of axiobionics

“TENS is like a short acting opioid. It’s basically only effective when it’s on,” said Shai Gozani, MD, President and CEO of Neurometrix. “If you’re going to deal with chronic pain, you have to have a wearable, chronically usable device, because pain can be two hours a day or it could be 24 hours a day. TENS devices historically haven’t been designed at all for wear-ability or continuous use.”

Neurometrix recently introduced Quell, an electrotherapy device that Gozani compares to a spinal cord stimulator. But instead of being surgically implanted near the spine like a stimulator, Quell is worn externally on the upper calf below the knee.

image courtesy of neurometrix

“We really look at spinal cord stimulation as the model. We’re trying to make that available but in a non-invasive, wearable way -- versus TENS devices which are really intended for local muscle stimulation. We don’t stimulate the muscles, we stimulate the nerve alone,” Gozani told Pain News Network.

“The upper calf has a lot of nerves. It’s comfortable. It’s discrete. So it meets the requirement to have a large segment of nerves to stimulate, but it’s also highly usable from a wear-ability perspective.”

A small study recently conducted by Neurometrix found that over 80% of Quell users had a significant reduction in pain and two-thirds were able to reduce the amount of pain medication they were taking.  Participants in the study had several different types of of chronic pain, including fibromyalgia, sciatica, neuropathy and arthritis.

When it comes to clinical studies, medical device makers have a clear advantage over pharmaceutical companies, which often have to spend years and tens of millions of dollars proving the safety and effectiveness of their drugs before they’re approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Device makers are held to a lower regulatory standard.

“Devices are approved by FDA basically for safety and not necessarily for efficacy. It’s a lot easier to demonstrate that with a device than if you have to demonstrate a new drug. You basically run one study or two and show that nobody got electrocuted by a TENS unit and you’re good to go,” said Bob Twillman, PhD, Executive Director of the American Academy of Pain Management.

Device makers can even get fast track approval from the FDA without any clinical studies -- if they say a new device is substantially equivalent to an older device already on the market.  Quell, for example, was given clearance by the FDA because of its similarity to Sensus, another Neurometrix device that's worn below the knee for pain relief.

A significant disadvantage for device makers is that most are not covered by public or private health insurers – meaning patients have to pay for them out of pocket. Three years ago, Medicare stopped covering TENS for low back pain, saying the technology was “not reasonable and necessary.”

The lack of reimbursement also makes many doctors unwilling to prescribe wearable devices and unfamiliar with the technology behind them, which stifles innovation.  For that reason, Neurometrix took an unconventional path and made Quell available without a prescription – bypassing insurers and doctors so it could market directly to consumers for $249 a unit.

“We thought it was imperative to get it over the counter. We wanted to make sure it was accessible to patients," said Gozani. "Wear-ability changes everything. Wear-ability is the game changer in terms of optimizing pain relief. I think it's huge."