Can ‘Abuse-Deterrent’ Oxycodone Help Calm Fears About Opioids?

By Crystal Lindell

When I first saw the news about an “abuse-deterrent” formulation of oxycodone being approved by the FDA, I was skeptical. What exactly was sacrificed to be worthy of such a claim? 

However, after reading more about it, I am here to report that RoxyBond — which is made by Protega Pharmaceuticals — could be the opioid medication that pain patients have been waiting for. In a perfect world, RoxyBond won’t just treat pain, it may also help calm fears about opioid addiction and overdoses. 

RoxyBond is not new. It’s already available in 5mg, 15mg and 30mg tablets. What the FDA did was approve a new 10mg tablet, making it the first immediate-release opioid of that dosage with abuse-deterrent properties. Most abuse deterrent opioids are extended-release medications.

“Abuse-deterrent” essentially means the tablets are so hard they cannot easily be crushed or dissolved in order to snort or inject them for a quick high. In the case of RoxyBond, that’s due to special coating and chemical make-up called SentryBond.

Protega describes SentryBond as “technology [that] combines inactive excipients with active pharmaceutical ingredients to make the tablet more difficult to manipulate for misuse and abuse.” 

The noteworthy part for patients is that SentryBond makes the medication harder to abuse without the use of an opioid antagonist like naloxone. In other words, RoxyBond does not contain what a lay person may call an opioid antidote. That’s good news because naloxone can make opioids less effective and can distort a patient’s tolerance levels. 

Protega says RoxyBond’s formulation is “expected to reduce abuse by intranasal and intravenous routes,” but there is also an interesting caveat in their press release. 

An asterisk points readers to this disclaimer: "Abuse is still possible by intranasal, intravenous, and oral routes." That’s what previous studies have found about pills that are hardened as an abuse deterrent, so I’m not sure if RoxyBond will actually prevent abuse.

And, to be honest, that’s not what I’m concerned about. I’m much more interested in how the medication’s “abuse-deterrent” descriptor will impact prescribers and the DEA. Perhaps it’s naive of me, but my hope is that doctors and nurses will see those magic adjectives and feel more comfortable about prescribing opioids. 

And — while this is perhaps even more naive — the best outcome would be for the DEA to see RoxyBond as a “safe” pain medication. 

Years ago, the FDA put out a call for companies to develop abuse-deterrent opioid medications just like Roxbody, writing:

“The FDA looks forward to a future in which most or all opioid medications are available in formulations that are less susceptible to abuse than the formulations that are on the market today. To achieve this goal, FDA is taking steps to incentivize and support the development of opioid medications with progressively better abuse-deterrent properties.”

The fact that the FDA has now approved multiple doses of RoxyBond, and that the medication was basically made at the request of the government, gives me some hope that the DEA will see the tablets as less dangerous than other opioids and won’t target doctors who prescribe it.

If doctors and the DEA need adjectives like “abuse-deterrent” in order to feel safe treating pain, then that’s a small price for patients to pay. Especially since it sounds like RoxyBond is just as effective as other opioids when it comes to treating pain. 

Protega says SentryBond “could potentially be utilized in other medications” like hydromorphone and hydrocodone, so we may be seeing its use expanded.

An interesting side note about SentryBond technology is that it was originally developed in a partnership with Daiichi Sankyo. But the Japanese drug maker walked away from its $200 million investment because it feared becoming entangled in U.S. opioid litigation. That’s how much litigation has disrupted American pain care.

Of course, there is still one glaring problem here. RoxyBond has already been approved in different doses, but it’s not widely known and there doesn’t seem to be much interest from doctors. I have helped multiple elderly relatives navigate their healthcare over the last few years, and I have never once heard a doctor mention RoxyBond as an option for pain management. 

Maybe the news of a new dose being approved will help make prescribers more aware of RoxyBond. Maybe it just needs more time on the market. 

Unfortunately, for many patients in pain, time is not something we have a lot of. We need effective treatments today, because many of us don’t know how we’ll get through tomorrow. 

DEA Plans More Cuts in Opioid Supply, While Raising ADHD Stimulant Production

By Pat Anson

The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration is planning more cuts in the supply of prescription opioids in 2025, while raising production of amphetamine and other stimulants used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

If the DEA’s plans are finalized after a public comment period, it would be the ninth consecutive year the opioid supply has been reduced.

Under the Controlled Substances Act, the DEA has broad legal authority to set annual aggregate production quotas (APQs) for drug makers – in effect telling them how much Schedule I and II chemicals and medications they can produce. DEA sets the quotas after consulting with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other federal agencies, as well as individual states about the projected need for controlled substances.

“FDA predicts that levels of medical need for schedule II opioids in the United States in calendar year 2025 will decline on average 6.6 percent from calendar year 2024 levels. These declines are expected to occur across a variety of schedule II opioids. These declines are expected to occur across a variety of schedule II opioids,” the DEA said in a notice recently published in the Federal Register.

There will not be 6.6% cuts across the board for every opioid. Unlike previous years, the agency is proposing only slight reductions in the supply of fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone and hydromorphone, while keeping quotas unchanged for morphine and codeine.

Most of the cuts are very minor – less than a tenth of one percent -- when the proposed APQ’s for 2025 are compared to the ones adopted in 2024.

DEA Opioid Production Quotas for 2025

  • Fentanyl: 0.0025% decrease

  • Oxycodone:  0.137% decrease

  • Hydrocodone: 0.081% decrease

  • Hydromorphone: 0.015% decrease

  • Morphine: Unchanged

  • Codeine: Unchanged

The DEA notice does not address the discrepancy between the FDA’s estimate of a 6.6% decline in medical need for opioids with the quotas it is proposing. The agency says it considered a “potential increase in demand for certain opioids” due to more elective surgeries being performed in 2025. Many of those surgeries were postponed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The FDA predicted a 3.5% increase in domestic medical use of Schedule II stimulants in 2025. Demand for stimulants to treat ADHD has grown in recent years, but the drugs are also increasingly used to treat brain fog and fatigue caused by Long Covid. The FDA told DEA it was concerned about ongoing shortages of amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, and methylphenidate, which are used to make stimulants such as Adderall.    

The DEA wants to raise production quotas for amphetamine (+5.9%) and lisdexamfetamine (+23.5%), while leaving the 2025 quota for methylphenidate the same as it was in 2024. The agency said inventories of amphetamine and methylphenidate-based products had increased, while shortages of lisdexamfetamin continue.

“DEA believes that manufacturers will be able to meet the increase in domestic medical need for these three schedule II stimulants with the APQs proposed in this notice,” the agency said.

The Myth of Opioid Diversion

The DEA has been cutting opioid production quotas for nearly a decade, reducing the supply of oxycodone by over 68% and hydrocodone by nearly 73% since 2015. Many of those cuts are due to pressure from Congress, as well as a common belief that prescription opioids are often diverted or sold to people they are not intended for.

That belief is largely a myth.

As required by Congress, DEA estimated the diversion rate of schedule II opioids in 2025, and once again came to the conclusion that diversion is rare – less than half of one percent for oxycodone and hydrocodone. Much of the diversion is a result of theft and losses in the supply chain, before opioids even reach patients.

Estimated 2025 Diversion Rates

  • Oxycodone: 0.493%

  • Hydrocodone: 0.379%

  • Fentanyl:  0.013%

  • Hydromorphone: 0.06%

The DEA’s diversion rates are partially based on “red flag” data from prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP). Potential red flags include patients who see three or more prescribers in a 90-day period; patients who receive a daily opioid dose in excess of 240 morphine milligram equivalents (MME); and patients who pay in cash for a controlled substance.

DEA requested PDMP data from all 50 states, but only 29 states responded to the request by sharing summaries of their red flag data.

“While PDMP data is useful in estimating diversion, it is not conclusive. Further investigation would be required before concluding that any of the subject prescriptions were actually diverted. DEA continues to evaluate its methodologies in estimating diversion in an effort to set quotas more efficiently. State participation is crucial to accurate data analysis, and DEA anticipates working closely with states, as well as other federal and state entities, in future quota determinations,” the agency said.

Public Comments

The DEA quietly published its notice about 2025 production quotas in the Federal Register on September 25, with no fanfare or press release.

Usually the agency receives thousands of comments from the public about its production quotas, but so far there have been only a handful of comments posted. Many are from patients still bitter about the decade of cuts the DEA has imposed on the opioid supply, which have contributed to record shortages of prescription drugs.

“The actions that are being taken by Congress, by the DEA, state legislatures, and state medical boards, have caused THOUSANDS of these patients to lose access to their medications, have resulted in the improper prosecution of pain doctors, resulting in a severe nationwide shortage of pain specialists, and nationwide shortages of medications,” wrote David Smith.  

“The CDC, FDA, and DEA have severely underestimated the needs of chronic pain patients and misjudged the consequences of these cuts. While opioid misuse is a serious issue, penalizing legitimate pain patients is not the solution,” said Gina Harrison.

“Please I'm begging you not to cut opioids meds this year,” said Melissa Guthrie. “I'm on palliative care and there were a couple months last year I didn't get my meds due to shortages. You know it's not the pain meds causing harm. It’s the illicit fentanyl and street drugs killing people.”

You still have time to make your feelings known, as long as you do it by October 25, when the public comment period ends. To make a comment, click here.

Drug Shortages Mostly Involve Low-Cost Generics

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Drug shortages in the United States are primarily being driven by low profit margins – not supply chain problems – according to a new analysis that found 84% of medicines currently in shortage are low-cost generics. Prices for some generic medicines are so low that manufacturers have stopped making the drugs.

The study by the IQVIA Institute, a healthcare data tracking firm, identified 132 medications in shortage as of June 2023, with pain/anesthesia drugs as the therapy area with the greatest number (21) of shortages. The shortages are so acute that elective procedures requiring anesthesia are being cancelled or postponed.

“Anesthesia medicines, including general, local, and muscle relaxants, are foundational to inpatient and outpatient surgical procedures, and shortages in these medicines can result in delays for patients receiving procedures and hospitals making prioritization decisions based on available supply,” the IQVIA said.

“Shortages across these medicines complicate scheduling of a wide range of procedures and surgeries, which may be part of a broad-based reduction observed in elective procedures in post-pandemic periods.”

One weakness of the IQVIA report is that it relies solely on drug shortage data from the Food and Drug Administration.  The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) currently lists 242 medicines in short supply, nearly twice the number listed by the FDA.

Three generic opioid medications commonly taken for pain, immediate-release oxycodone, oxycodone-acetaminophen, and hydrocodone-acetaminophen tablets have been on the ASHP shortage list for months, but have yet to appear on the FDA’s shortage list.  

Pain patients are feeling the impact of short supplies. In recent months, many have complained about problems or delays getting their opioid prescriptions filled at U.S. pharmacies.

“It has been a month since I had my last refill and no pharmacy can give me an answer as to when they may be back in stock. In the meantime, I just live in misery,” one patient told us.

“Mobile, Alabama seems to be almost completely out of pain medication, specifically the most widely used mg of oxycodone-acetaminophen and hydrocodone. I was supposed to get my refill from Walgreens… and they are not only out but cannot order more,” another patient said. “This is such a serious issue with a lot of people probably going through withdrawals in our county and nobody seems to care.”

‘Prices May Be Too Low’

Teva Pharmaceuticals, a large generic drug maker, has informed the FDA that it is discontinuing production of immediate-release oxycodone tablets. The move appears to be in line with Teva's announcement that it would reduce its production of generics from 80% of its drug portfolio to 60% over the next few years.  

“The drugs we’re pulling out of are drugs which are low-margin,” Teva CEO Richard Francis recently told Bloomberg.

The IQVIA found that over half (56%) the medicines in short supply are low-cost generics priced at less than $1 per unit. In many cases, that’s below the manufacturer’s cost of production and distribution. Because the generic drug industry is highly concentrated with few suppliers, any disruption or discontinuation of a generic can have an outsized impact.

“Generic medicines are much lower cost than brands and some observers have begun to suggest that some generic prices may be too low to support sustainable markets,” IQVIA found. “Prices driven below the cost of manufacturing and distributing can result in some competitors discontinuing production of molecules (medicines), reducing necessary maintenance activities and generally contributing to less resilience in manufacturing supply of those medicines.”

Other highlights of the IQVIA report:

  • 120 of the 132 drug shortages listed by FDA involve generics. Only 12 drugs are brand name

  • 75% of current drug shortages have been active for over a year and 58% have lasted at least two years

  • Three times as many new drug shortages have been reported than have been resolved in recent years

  • 67% of shortages involve injectable drugs

  • Shortages of antibacterial medication “are a significant concern affecting multiple aspects of healthcare delivery”

  • Shortages of cancer treatment drugs have forced some oncology providers to suspend or delay treatments

Federal agencies appear to have inadvertently contributed to some of the shortages. The IQVIA said FDA inspections of drug manufacturing plants have triggered shutdowns of some sites due to safety or sanitation issues. Those shortages “are difficult for their peers to resolve,” according to IQVIA, because few other companies can pick up the slack.

A generic manufacturer of oxycodone, hydrocodone and ADHD medication recently sued the DEA after the agency suspended its drug production license over record-keeping issues. The lawsuit by Ascent Pharmaceuticals accused the DEA of incompetence and heavy-handed regulation of the nation’s drug supply.

In the past year, under the DEA’s ironically named “Operation Bottleneck” initiative, the agency has taken administrative actions against 143 DEA-registered doctors, pharmacies, drug makers and drug distributors, largely over allegations of poor record-keeping and inadequate controls to prevent the diversion and theft of opioids and other controlled substances.

“These companies have a legal obligation to account for every dose and every pill to protect the safety and health of the American people,” said DEA Administrator Anne Milgram. “DEA will continue using every available tool to prevent the diversion and misuse of opioids and other highly addictive controlled substances.”

DEA recently announced plans to further reduce the supply of opioid pain medication in 2024 -- which would be the eighth consecutive year the agency has reduced opioid production quotas for drug manufacturers. DEA said it was acting on the advice of the FDA, which estimates that medical need for Schedule II opioids will decline on average 7.9 percent from 2023 levels.

My Story: A Bone Cancer Survivor’s Search for Pain Relief  

By Kristen Hernandez

The past three weeks have been the most challenging since my cancer diagnosis 20 years ago. Shortages of opioid pain medication have taken their toll, costing me weeks of productivity, mental and physical anguish, and a negative bank account.

When I was 25, I had a different life -- a career as a corporate travel consultant for RCA Records in New York City. I clawed my way out the ghettos of the Bronx and into corporate America, and purchased my first home in the suburbs of Long Island.

But everything changed when I was diagnosed with an insidious and rare form of bone cancer called Chordoma. It’s a literal one-in-a-million disease, with just one in every million individuals diagnosed with it each year.

The type of Chordoma that chose me is extremely rare, due to the tumor’s location: it was housed inside the L3 vertebra of my lumbar spine. And it was extraordinarily painful.

KRISTEN HERNANDEZ

Because Chordoma doesn't respond to chemotherapy or radiation, surgery is the only treatment. To save my life, surgeons reconstructed my spine, replacing a vertebra with a titanium cage and filling it with bone graft from my hip.

They also replaced a spinal disc with two more titanium cages, adding 16 rods and 20 screws for reinforcement.

My spine today resembles a nightmarish ladder that Tim Burton might have created.

After eight reconstructive spinal surgeries, I was given a miraculous drug called OxyContin. Doctors did not think I’d ever walk again because they needed to sever the nerves to my legs so that they could remove the cancer-infected bone.

Because of OxyContin, I was able to take my first step and eventually walk. This was in 2005, at the beginning of the so-called opioid crisis.

Once I relocated to Florida, pain management doctors refused to prescribe OxyContin to me, fearing lawsuits and scrutiny from law enforcement. Regardless of how much I protested, I was dismissed as if I was the problem, instead of having a problem.

At the time, pill mills were everywhere in Florida. They were places where if you had cash, you could get any medication. It’s also why there’s a such stigma today against chronic pain sufferers.

Eventually, I found a legitimate pain management doctor in Fort Lauderdale. Instead of OxyContin, he changed my regimen to a fentanyl patch, along with oxycodone/acetaminophen tablets (Percocet) for breakthrough pain, essentially replacing one opioid with two. That was my pain management routine for the past twelve years, until recently.

When I went to a Walgreens pharmacy this past June, I was shocked to hear, “Sorry, oxycodone is on back order, and we have no idea if or when it’s coming back.”

Opioid Shortages

Shortages of oxcodone, hydrocodone and other opioids are increasing around the country. And there is zero advance notice from pharmacies about when a prescribed medication will be available. Patients like me who suffer from severe pain are forced to go through withdrawal until the pharmacy restocks.

It’s a nightmare to deal with. Pain patients are usually not prepared for the sudden halt in medical care. Even the smallest disruption can have devastating effects, such as loss of productivity, reduced quality of life, and a diminished social life. Even smiling takes an effort.

Patients are always the last to know when there’s a problem with a prescription. Like thousands of others, I made frantic phone calls to my doctor, who scrambled to find an alternative medication. Without consulting me, he wrote a script for hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Vicodin), a medication I had never taken before. That’s when my three-week nightmare began. Because I wasn’t prepared to handle the ineffectiveness of hydrocodone for bone pain, my condition quickly began to decline.

Each morning, the first sensation I get feels like someone dug their elbow into my lower back all night long. It’s so fierce, it takes my breath away. Then, when I stand and all the titanium in my spine settles, the nerves hum in my legs and a crawling sensation shoots up and down, vibrating constantly.

As the morning coffee brews, I get the “poke” sensation. Due to a 200-pound weight loss, there’s a rod that sticks out of my thoracic spine area that rubs up against everything -- the bed, couch, office chair, car seat, everything. It’s miserable because it’s there forever.

Hydrocodone/acetaminophen tablets seem to exacerbate those symptoms, causing my body to swell and tighten into a ball of pressure, while the pain intensified. My productivity stopped and the bills began to pile up. Working while experiencing severe spinal and bone pain is nearly impossible.

After a recent candid discussion with my pain management doctor, we formed a “Plan B.” We’re trying oxycodone without acetaminophen to see if that works better. Having a backup plan with an alternate list of medications is essential with the shortages and fear-based drug culture we’ve found ourselves dumped into.

Government regulators and health policies have failed the people who suffer the most in this country, who often live with medical conditions they cannot control, like cancer. They’ve failed us time after time, filing lawsuits and adopting guidelines that make it harder for us to get prescription opioids – even though over 82% of opioid overdoses are caused by illicit fentanyl and other street drugs.

Patients who suffer from chronic pain all have one common goal: relief. When that relief is interrupted, and access to crucial therapies and drugs is denied, you leave us with few choices. We can either live our lives without pain relief or seek out riskier alternatives. Those are not good choices.

Kristen Hernandez is a freelance journalist and creative nonfiction writer living in South Florida. 

Do you have a “My Story” to share? Pain News Network invites other readers to share their experiences about living with pain and treating it.

Send your stories to editor@painnewsnetwork.org.

Low Dose Opioids Ineffective for Acute Lower Back and Neck Pain

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

A low dose of prescription opioids works no better than a placebo in relieving acute lower back or neck pain, according to a new study in Australia.  

The blinded, placebo-controlled trial was relatively small – just 345 participants – but was unusual because patients were followed for up to a year, a rarity for a clinical trial that studies pain.  Half the participants received a combination of oxycodone and naloxone for six weeks at a low daily dose of 20mg or about 30 morphine milligram equivalents (MME). The other half received placebo tablets that looked similar to oxycodone.   

It's important to note that the study only included people with mild or moderate pain of less than 12 weeks duration -- not the severe, long-term back and neck pain caused by degenerative disc disease, spinal injuries, arthritis, and other chronic conditions. Participants were excluded if they had that type of pain.  

The study findings, published in The Lancet, showed no significant difference in pain severity between the opioid and placebo groups. On a scale of zero to 10, the average pain score was 2.8 in the opioid group after six weeks, compared to 2.3 in the placebo group. After a year, the average pain score was 2.4 in the opioid group, versus 1.8 in the placebo group. 

Pain Severity Over 52 Weeks

THE LANCET

Researchers say patients who received opioids had a slightly higher risk of opioid misuse at the end of the study, a finding based on a mental health survey that screens patients for drug related behavior.

“Our findings show that even judicious, short-term use of an opioid conferred no benefits in pain reduction and led to a small increase in pain at the medium-term and long-term compared with placebo. The opioid group had worse quality-of-life mental health scores than the placebo group,” researchers reported. “Although no difference was found in overall time to recovery, more people in the placebo group recovered in the first 14 days compared with those in the opioid group.”

Most medical guidelines recommend exercise and over-the-counter pain relievers for short-term back or neck pain, with opioids only used as a last resort. The authors of the Lancet study say even that limited use is inappropriate.

“Opioids should not be recommended for acute back and neck pain, full stop,” said lead investigator Christine Lin, PhD, a professor in the School of Public Health at University of Sydney. “Not even when other drug treatments are not able to be prescribed or have not been effective for a patient.”

The Lin study is somewhat similar to the 2018 Krebs study, which found that low doses of oxycodone were no more effective than over-the-counter pain relievers in treating chronic back and osteoarthritis pain. Critics say the Krebs study was biased from the start and this one is no better.

“They generalise enormously,” Michael Vagg, MD, Dean of Pain Medicine at the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, told the Medical Republic. “They studied oxycodone and naloxone in a modified-release formulation. But modified-use opioids have never been on-label for use in acute pain and they are not recommended as such… to which I and everyone in pain medicine would say ‘We figured that out ages ago’. That’s not how you use opioids in acute pain.

“In layman’s terms, they’ve done a study where they tried to look at doing push-ups to help with back pain and then they’ve decided that all exercise is no good for the back pain.”

Lower back pain is the world’s leading cause of disability and neck pain is the fourth largest, but there is surprisingly little evidence about the best ways to treat them.

A previous study published in The Lancet by an international team of researchers found that lower back pain was often treated with bad advice, inappropriate tests, risky surgeries and painkillers. The authors said there was limited evidence to support the use of opioids for low back pain, and epidural steroid injections and acetaminophen (paracetamol) were not recommended at all. Most patients responded better to physical and psychological therapies that kept them active.

Chemotherapy and Opioid Shortages Impacting Cancer Care

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Over two-thirds of cancer centers in the U.S. are reporting shortages of methotrexate and other drugs used in chemotherapy, according to a survey by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCNN).

Methotrexate is a versatile drug that prevents cells from dividing. It was originally developed to treat cancer, but is also widely used to treat autoimmune and neurological conditions such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine and multiple sclerosis.

The NCNN surveyed 27 cancer centers across the U.S. in late May, and found that 67% of them were reporting shortages of methotrexate. Most centers are also reporting chronic shortages of carboplatin and cisplatin, chemotherapy agents that are widely used in cancer treatment. The shortages have resulted in treatment delays or forced doctors to modify their treatment plans using other drugs.

"This is an unacceptable situation. We are hearing from oncologists and pharmacists across the country who have to scramble to find appropriate alternatives for treating their patients with cancer right now," Robert Carlson, MD, CEO of NCCN, said in a statement. "We were relieved by survey results that show patients are still able to get life-saving care, but it comes at a burden to our overtaxed medical facilities." 

Drugs shortages in the U.S. are currently near record levels, primarily due to shipping delays and other disruptions caused by the pandemic. But the shortage in chemotherapy agents largely stems from a halt in production at a plant in India operated by Intas Pharmaceuticals. FDA inspectors found quality-control violations at the plant late last year and the agency recently slapped an import alert on the company. The agency is working with drug makers in China to make up the difference.

The FDA added methotrexate injectable solution to its drug shortage list in March. Supplies are currently limited and the shortage is not expected to end until December 2023. No shortages are currently reported for methotrexate tablets.

Hydrocodone Shortage

In addition to chemotherapy drugs, some drug makers are also reporting shortages of opioid pain medication. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) recently added hydrocodone-acetaminophen combinations – commonly known under the brand names Vicodin and Norco-- to its own drug shortage database.

Generic drug makers Amneal, Camber, KVK-Tech, Major and Rhodes currently report shortages of 5 mg, 7.5 mg, and 10 mg hydrocodone tablets. None of the companies provided a reason for the shortage or an estimate for when it might end. Many of the same drug makers reported shortages of oxycodone in March.

The limited supply of opioids is also affecting cancer patients. The University of Utah Health system recently informed its drug wholesaler that it was adding 50 new beds to its cancer clinic and would be needing more pain medication to treat the extra patients.

“And the wholesaler said, ‘Well, let's just wait until we start receiving your orders to increase the amounts that you're going to buy,’” said Erin Fox, PharmD, Senior Pharmacy Director at University of Utah Health, which tracks drug shortages for the ASHP. “We're unable to be proactive. We're trying to think ahead. And we don't want to have that situation where we we're getting very close to running out or not having enough. That's basically what our wholesaler says has to happen.”

“We wish that we could fix all these things, but we don't make the medicines and we can't tell someone that they must make medicines. There are some things that are out of our control,” FDA Commissioner Robert Califf, MD, said in a recent interview with Medscape.

The Drug Enforcement Administration, in consultation with the FDA, sets the annual production quotas for opioids and other controlled substances. The DEA reduced this year’s supply of oxycodone and hydrocodone by about 5 percent, after being advised by FDA that demand for Schedule II opioids would decline. Since peaking a decade ago, DEA production quotas have fallen by 65% for oxycodone and 73% for hydrocodone.

FDA Head Says Drug Shortages ‘Out of Our Control’

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

With drug shortages in the U.S. near record levels, the head of the Food and Drug Administration says there is little his agency can do to ease shortages, particularly those involving generic drugs.

“We wish that we could fix all these things, but we don't make the medicines and we can't tell someone that they must make medicines. There are some things that are out of our control,” FDA Commissioner Robert Califf, MD, said in an interview with Medscape.  

There are currently 207 medications in short supply, according to the FDA’s drug shortage list, but the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) has a much higher estimate of over 300 active drug shortages, the most since 2014.

Shortages of generic medications used to treat cancer and attention deficit disorder (ADHD) have gotten the most attention, but there are also emerging shortages of generic oxycodone and other opioid pain medications. About 90% of prescribed drugs in the U.S. are low-cost generics.

“And this has caused a big problem, where a number of generic drugs are in shortage at any given time, because there's not enough profit for a company to say they want to go into the business of making that drug,” said Califf.

Teva Pharmaceutical, one of the world’s largest manufacturers of generic drugs, announced last month that it would change its business model to focus on more profitable branded drugs. Teva has already informed the FDA that it was discontinuing production of 30, 15, and 5 mg tablets of generic oxycodone.  

Another generic drug maker, Perrigo Pharmaceuticals, recently notified the FDA that it was stopping production of a cough syrup made with hydrocodone.

Pain patients have had trouble for years getting prescriptions filled for opioids, but the problem appears to have gotten more acute in recent months – and not just for generic opioids. Joy CobbWilliams told PNN she has trouble getting prescriptions filled for OcyContin, a branded formulation of oxycodone that she’s been taking for nearly a decade for chronic back pain.

“Month after month I run out of my medication while I wait for the pharmacy to get more. Some months I wait three or four days and other months I wait almost two weeks. The pain I suffer is unbearable,” she said. “Something needs to be done. We have got to do better for the patients suffering and not abusing the medication. This is the United States and there should be no reason someone suffering should have to wait days to weeks to get their 10mg OxyContin.” 

Kim Luarks told us she’s had problems with her pharmacy running out of fentanyl patches and Xtampza ER (oxycodone). She’s been on opioids for 20 years due to chronic back pain. 

“Here I sit, still waiting and have been without any long-acting opioid for (7 days) and not feeling too hot,” she said. “This could be detrimental to my life, let alone my heart and lungs that are already damaged due to the doctors just throwing pain meds at me in the early 2000’s. I've been through all the changes and federal regulations causing this nonsense.” 

The Drug Enforcement Administration, in consultation with the FDA, determines the annual production quotas for opioids and other controlled substances. Despite Califf’s contention that drug shortages are “out of our control,” it was the FDA that advised the DEA that demand for Schedule II opioids such as oxycodone would fall by 5.3% in 2023. 

DEA adopted the FDA’s recommendations and reduced the supply of opioids for the seventh consecutive year, saying it would be “sufficient to meet all legitimate needs.” Since their peak in 2013, DEA production quotas have fallen by 65% for oxycodone and 73% for hydrocodone.

In his interview with Medscape, Califf suggested that some medications are now in short supply not because of production quotas, but because they are prescribed to people who don’t really need them. He said stronger medical guidelines may be needed to discourage doctors from overprescribing.   

“If only the people that needed these drugs got them, there probably wouldn't be a shortage. There's a large amount of use which is on the margins. And this is why I say we need better clinical standards,” Califf said.

“But having said all that, we're working with the DEA frequently as they try to work out what the quotas are. And we're working with the companies to optimize production. So that shortage should go away. It's better now than it was a few months ago, and it's going to continue to get better.”

My Life Is on the Line Due to Rx Opioid Shortages

By Christine Kucera, Guest Columnist

On May 24, I had my regularly scheduled pain management appointment. The prescription for my normal regimen of 10mg oxycodone was sent electronically to my local CVS pharmacy. About an hour later, I received a text from CVS saying they received the prescription from my doctor.

I followed up later through their automated system. That is the moment of shocking revelation when I learned that my prescription was not going to be filled on time, and that it may not be ready until a week after my fill date.

Utterly panicked, heart racing, thinking and speaking a mile a minute, I contacted the pharmacy. They confirmed they were out of 10mg oxycodone tablets.

“What am I supposed to do?” I asked. A woman who I don’t know replied that I should try contacting other pharmacies.

Really? I can’t do that. Pharmacies won’t tell me, the patient, if they have a supply of a controlled substance. So she looked it up and said it looks like “X” pharmacy has it and that I should have my doctor send the prescription there. Unfortunately, by the time my provider received the message, it was too late.

I made multiple calls to another pharmacy and they were extremely rude. I called my pharmacy again. This time I spoke with a pharmacist that knew me. He was very understanding, as we discussed what to do next.

CHRISTINE KUCERA

We came up with a plan. He said to have my doctor send him a prescription for 5mg oxycodone. I immediately emailed my provider about the shortage and asked him to send a new prescription for 5mg, since they were out of 10mg tablets.

It was a very long night and I was extremely anxious waiting for a reply from my provider. As a long-term opioid patient of 30 years with intractable pain, I’ve been through the unimaginable, especially after the CDC published its first opioid guideline. Since 2016, I’ve been force tapered to suboptimal treatment levels, denied pain medication during multiple hospitalizations, and told to take Tylenol.

A surgeon even used prescription fentanyl on me during an interventional procedure after being told it doesn’t work on me – leaving me awake and screaming during the procedure. That’s just to name a few examples. Believe me, there are many more.

My thoughts are racing out of control. I can’t do this anymore. I can’t live life with unrelenting, unmanaged pain all day, every day. I’m barely holding on now, trying hard not give up hope. It’s not easy living in a body that’s under assault from an invisible invader, leaving my entire body riddled with rare diseases, along with severe bone, nerve, connective tissue and organ pain.

As a person with severe medically induced PTSD, I can fully recall all of the previous times I was forced off my managed regime of opiate medication. This time it’s going to be at the hands of the DEA, which has intentionally created shortages of oxycodone.

Next day arrives, a new prescription for 5mg is sent and I sigh with relief. It was short lived. Another pharmacist said my insurance company won’t cover the 5mg substitute without prior authorization. Completely losing control of my emotions, I asked why do I need another prior authorization?  My daily limit of 90 morphine milligram equivalents (MME) didn’t change, just the dose of the tablets

“It’s because of daily quantity limits,” the pharmacist replied.

Are you freaking serious?  I’m out of oxycodone as of today and you’re saying I can’t have 2 weeks of a substitute because there is no supply anywhere of 10mg and my insurance has quantity limits on 5mg doses?  I was angry and upset. This is so wrong! What am I supposed to do?

To that, the pharmacist says, “You can pay out of pocket.”

I didn’t have a choice, although I knew what happens from paying out of pocket with cash and sending prescriptions to new pharmacies. Those are red flags for prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs).

What’s next CDC and DEA? You’ve fabricated the great Opioid Lie and created policies that affect all pain care in all settings. Created new burdens for disabled and chronically ill patients. Created an opioid guideline that doesn’t allow for individualized treatment and places limits on prescriptions. You’ve shackled doctors with no options but to provide inadequate pain care or abandon patients altogether.

Now patients and their providers are having to deal with DEA created shortages of essential medicines. This has got to stop! Pain patients have never been the driver behind the overdose crisis. Anti-opioid prohibition policies are harming, torturing and killing U.S. citizens.

What do I do? There are no protections or even a set of procedures in place to assist patients and providers when there are shortages of controlled substances. It really is a nightmare situation. I feel helpless. The shortage is not my fault, the restrictions have gone too far, and my life is on the line.

Christine Kucera lives with psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthropy, spondylitis, polyarthritis, sacroiliitis, degenerative joint disease, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, spinal radiculopathy, hypoparathyroidism, rare endocrine tumors, psoriasis, endometriosis stage IV, pelvic adhesive disease, and other painful conditions. 

Prior to becoming disabled, Christine was a healthcare research systems developer and analyst for federally funded CMS, AHRQ, and NIH grants and programs. 

Do you have a “My Story” to share? Pain News Network invites other readers to share their stories about living with pain and treating it. We are particularly interested in your experiences dealing with current drug shortages. Send your stories to editor@painnewsnetwork.org.

Drug Distributor Vows to Fight DEA

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

The fourth-largest drug distributor in the U.S. is vowing to fight efforts by the Drug Enforcement Administration to strip it of its license to sell opioids and other controlled substances to pharmacies, hospitals and health systems in 27 states.

Such a move by the DEA, if carried out, would not only put Morris & Dickson out of business but could exacerbate already tight supplies of pain medication and drugs used to treat cancer and attention deficit disorder (ADHD). The company said it would “vigorously appeal” the license revocation and seek a stay in federal court.

“We strongly believe any attempt to revoke our registration would be unwarranted and unjustified. Most importantly, any decision the DEA makes will not disrupt our operations. Business will continue as usual, and orders will continue to go out on time,” the Louisiana-based company said in a statement on its website.

The DEA announced Friday that it would revoke Morris & Dickson’s license, but allowed 90 days before the order takes effect. The action stems from a DEA investigation that identified thousands of suspiciously large orders for oxycodone and hydrocodone that the company sold to independent pharmacies in Louisiana from 2014 to 2018. In some cases, according to the DEA, the pharmacies were allowed to purchase six times the amount of opioids that they would normally order.

The DEA suspended Morris & Dickson’s license in 2018, but then delayed making a final decision on revoking it, which allowed the company to continue to operate. That five year delay came to a sudden end this week, after the Associated Press reported that the DEA failed to stop the company from “shipping highly addictive painkillers,” even after a judge recommended that its license be revoked for its “cavalier disregard” of the suspicious orders.

Further complicating the case is that a top DEA official retired from the agency in 2017 and went to work for Morris & Dickson, leading efforts at the company to improve the way it identifies and reports suspicious orders. Louis Milione “unretired” in 2021 and went back to work at the DEA as principal deputy administrator.    

Morris & Dickson spent millions of dollars improving its compliance system, but that was not enough for DEA Administrator Ann Milgram, who has come under increasing fire for her personnel decisions at the agency.

“Respondent (Morris & Dickson) has not adequately convinced the Agency that it can be entrusted with a registration — its acceptance of responsibility did not prove that it or its principals understand the full extent of their wrongdoing, the effect that it had on the Agency and the American public, and the potential harm that it caused. It was Respondent's burden to prove that it could be entrusted to protect the public interest in maintaining a DEA registration — and it has failed to do so,” Milgram said in her 68-page order.

Milgram said she would deny any application by Morris & Dickson to renew or modify its registration, and said her order would become final on August 28, 2023.

The company, however, said it would continue its “ongoing discussion” with the DEA to keep its license.

“Morris & Dickson is grateful to the DEA Administrator for delaying the effective date of the Order to allow time to settle these old issues, which has been our goal since this started years ago,” the company said. “We remain confident we can achieve an outcome that safeguards the supply chain for all of our healthcare partners and the communities they serve.”

That supply chain has been severely strained in recent years, not only by the pandemic, but by DEA actions that reduced the supply of opioids and other controlled substances.

In March, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists added oxycodone to its list of drug shortages, after generic drug makers Amneal, Camber and Rhodes Pharmaceuticals reported they were running out of some doses of oxycodone tablets.

This month Teva Pharmaceutical said it would discontinue production of immediate release oxycodone and scale back its generic drug business to focus on more profitable medications.

The nation’s three largest drug distributors – McKesson, AmerisourceBergen and Cardinal Health — have already imposed strict limits on the amount of opioids and other controlled substances they sell as part of a $21 billion opioid litigation settlement. Whether they would be able to take on additional customers and supply them with essential medications that Morris & Dickson now provides is an open question.

“It’s hard to say what the overall impact would be. I don’t know how many pharmacies or hospitals are only serviced by Morris & Dickson,” says Erin Fox, PharmD, Senior Pharmacy Director at University of Utah Health, who has been tracking drug shortages for over 20 years. “They would have to establish contracts with another wholesaler. If pharmacies and hospitals have a secondary wholesaler, then they should be able to access opioids to dispense for patients.”  

CDC Study Shows Oxycodone Plays Minor Role in Overdose Crisis

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

A new study by the CDC highlights the sharply rising death toll in the U.S. caused by illicit fentanyl, while at the same time revealing the minor role played by oxycodone in the nation’s overdose crisis.

The study, released this week by the CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics, looked at overdose death rates from 2016 to 2021. Deaths involving fentanyl more than tripled during that period, rising from 5.7 deaths per 100,000 people in 2016 to 21.6 deaths per 100,000 in 2021. Drug deaths involving methamphetamine and cocaine also rose sharply, while fatal overdoses involving heroin declined.

And what about oxycodone, the most commonly prescribed opioid pain medication? It turns out oxycodone has always played a relatively minor role in the overdose crisis, although regulators and public health officials said otherwise in a concerted campaign against all prescription opioids.

“Overprescribing opioids – largely for chronic pain – is a key driver of America’s drug overdose epidemic,” then-CDC director Dr. Thomas Frieden said in a 2016 news release.

But the facts don’t support Frieden’s claim. In 2016, the year the CDC released its controversial opioid prescribing guideline, there were only 1.9 deaths per 100,000 people that involved oxycodone. By 2021, the rate had fallen 21% to 1.5 deaths -- well below the death rates of fentanyl, methamphetamine, cocaine and heroin.   

Drug Overdose Deaths in U.S. (2016-2021)

SOURCE: CDC

CDC researchers used an unusual method to conduct this study. Instead of relying on medical ICD-10 codes in death certificates, which lump drugs together into broad categories, the CDC used a “literal text” analysis.

“To address the limitations of ICD–10- coded mortality data, the National Center for Health Statistics has developed a method that searches the literal text of death certificates to identify mentions of specific drugs and other substances involved in the death. Death certificate literal text is the written information provided by the medical certifier, usually a medical examiner or coroner for drug overdose deaths, that describes the causes, manner, and circumstances contributing to the death,” the researchers explained.

Flawed Data

The literal text method is not foolproof, but it’s an improvement over the ICD-10 codes, which the CDC admitted in 2018 “significantly inflate” the number of deaths involving prescription opioids — flawed data that Frieden used to make his “key driver” of the epidemic claim in 2016.

How inflated were the overdose numbers back then?  Using the old ICD-10 method, which counted illicit fentanyl as a prescription opioid, Frieden’s CDC estimated that nearly 32,500 Americans died from overdoses of opioid medication in 2016. The death toll was later revised downward to about 17,000 overdoses after the CDC came clean about its flawed methodology.

Patient advocate Richard “Red” Lawhern has long been suspicious of CDC data, including studies that use literal text analysis.  

“CDC suggests an incidence of drug overdose deaths ‘involving’ oxycodone at only 1.5 per 100,000.  But they neatly avoid telling us that such a rate is so low that it confounds the non-uniformity of reporting from county to county, creating such statistical noise that the contribution of this agent (oxycodone) to overdose mortality is too small to accurately measure or report,” Lawhern said.  

Another problem is the qualifications of county coroners and medical examiners varies. Some are elected to their positions without any medical training or experience. The death certificates they fill out usually don’t say if a prescription drug was obtained legally or illicitly, or what specific drug or combination of substances caused the death. That is determined later by a toxicology test. As a result, a drug may be “involved” in a death and be listed on the death certificate, but have little or nothing to do with someone’s demise.

“It is startling that CDC has so consistently and deliberately conspired to disguise the fact that oxycodone really isn't significant in drug overdose mortality, and probably never has been,” Lawhern told PNN. 

Of course, every death is a tragedy in some way, regardless of the cause or substance involved. The graphic below helps bring oxycodone’s role into more context – comparing the five leading causes of death in 2021 to those involving fentanyl, oxycodone and the other drugs.

SOURCE: CDC

Despite the minor role played by oxycodone in 2021 deaths, efforts continue to restrict its availability. This year the Drug Enforcement Administration reduced the supply of oxycodone for the seventh consecutive year. Since their peak in 2013, DEA production quotas for oxycodone have fallen by 65 percent. The tightened supply has resulted in recent reports of oxycodone shortages and patients unable to get their prescriptions filled.

The DEA justifies the cuts by saying it is concerned about diversion and abuse, but the agency’s own data shows that less than one percent of legally prescribed oxycodone (0.3%) is diverted to someone it was not intended for.

Tight Rx Opioid Supply Causing Shortages of Oxycodone and Hydrocodone

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

At least three U.S. drug companies have reported shortages of oxycodone, the latest sign that efforts to limit the supply of opioid pain medication have gone too far and are harming patients.

On March 17, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) added immediate release oxycodone to its nationwide list of drug shortages, with shortages of 5, 15, 20 and 30 mg tablets being reported by Amneal, Camber and Rhodes Pharmaceuticals. Other drug companies still have oxycodone tablets of various doses available, according to ASHP.

Amneal and Rhodes did not provide a reason for their shortages, while Camber told ASHP it was “awaiting DEA quota approval for active ingredient,” which presumably is oxycodone. All three companies, which specialize in making generic drugs, said the tablets were on back order.

“We have been following up on some reports of these shortages and have recently added immediate-release oxycodone tablets to our shortage database,” said Michael Ganio, PharmD, Senior Director of Pharmacy Practice and Quality at ASHP.

In addition to the oxycodone shortage, Ganio told PNN there were anecdotal reports of hydrocodone medications being in short supply.

“We have not heard back from all manufacturers of hydrocodone/acetaminophen products, but some have reported availability while others have reported some package sizes are not currently available,” Ganio said in an email. “We don’t have state-by-state data, so unfortunately I cannot offer any insight on specific (pharmacy) chains or states. However, it’s common with shortages that manufacturers with product available will limit sales to existing purchasers. That can mean products may not be available depending on previous purchase history from those pharmacies.”

(Update: On May 26, the ASHP added hydrocodone/acetaminophen tablets made by several generic drugmakers to its list of shortages.)

The ASHP’s list of shortages usually mirrors the drug shortage list maintained by the Food and Drug Administration, but the federal agency does not currently list either oxycodone or hydrocodone tablets as being in short supply.

‘It’s Gotten Worse’ 

Pain patients have complained for years about pharmacists being unable to fill their opioid prescriptions, usually claiming they were “out of stock” or awaiting a delayed shipment. But the problem seems to have become more widespread in recent months.

“I've gone through shortage just this month for oxycodone yet again. I've also had shortage for morphine in the past,” said Michelle Farrell, who lives in Arizona. “My normal pharmacy said it was due to restrictions in place by the manufacturer this month. They were limiting the distributor and on down the (supply) chain.” 

After several days delay, Farrell was able to get her oxycodone prescription filled at another pharmacy.

A woman in Orange County, California said her CVS pharmacy was out of oxycodone for months.

“I have gone 4 months (fills) of an alternative medication because 10 mg oxycodone 10-325 has been completely out of stock at my home CVS store, as well as stores within a 20 mile radius. Yesterday was the first time my pharmacy could fill my prescription. Thank god. It is destabilizing having to be forced off your stable medical regimen,” she said in an email.

A woman in Melbourne, Florida recently told PNN she had to visit several pharmacies to get a prescription filled for hydrocodone. She needs pain medication for spondylarthritis and fibromyalgia. 

"I called CVS about picking up my medicine and I was told there is no hydrocodone available anywhere, it's with the manufacturer and had been out a month. Their pharmacist said he has no idea when they will be available again," said Kristina, who asked that we not use her last name. 

“I called a different CVS and she said the same thing, it's a national shortage, had been for about 3 weeks…. I was told there were 3 pills of 5mg hydrocodone within a 20-mile radius of (area code) 32926.”

CVS did not respond to a request for comment. Neither did the Florida Department of Health or the Florida Board of Pharmacy.

Kristina was eventually able to get her prescription filled, but only after her doctor got around the problem by increasing her dosage to 7.5 mg tablets of hydrocodone, which were available. Ironically, the manufacturer of those tablets was Amneal, one of the companies now reporting shortages of oxycodone.

What can a patient do when faced with a shortage? The ASHP recommends sharing as much information as possible with pharmacists about their medical history.

“The pharmacist can typically talk to the prescriber to find an alternative based on what products are available. However, if the medication is a Schedule II controlled substance, transferring prescriptions between pharmacies is not allowed. If another pharmacy has a product available, the prescriber will have to send a new prescription for the medication,” said Ganio.

“All of this sets up a challenging dynamic of doing double work, especially when pharmacies are experiencing some staffing shortages. We know that drug shortages can be frustrating for patients, and they can also impact care, which is why ASHP is working to push for transparency and resiliency in the system to avoid these situations in the future.”

Likely Reasons for Shortages

There are several possible reasons for the shortages. One is ongoing problems in the drug supply chain caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The U.S. still relies heavily on foreign sources for many drugs and their active ingredients, a situation a U.S. Senate report this week called an “unacceptable national security risk.”   

Another reason is aggressive cuts in the opioid supply by the Drug Enforcement Administration. Since their peak in 2013, DEA production quotas for drug manufacturers have fallen by 65% for oxycodone and 73% for hydrocodone. The DEA says it’s tightening the supply to prevent diversion, even though its own estimates show that less than 1% of prescription opioids are used by someone they are not intended for.  

Third, the DEA and the Department of Justice have been aggressive in going after doctors who prescribe opioids in high doses, which made many physicians leery of going to prison or paying steep fines, which one doctor likened to extortion. Rather than risk their livelihoods and freedom, some doctors stopped prescribing opioids. 

The fourth likely reason for the shortages is opioid litigation. As The New York Times explained in a recent article, three large drug distributors reached a $21 billion settlement with 46 states last summer, requiring them to impose strict limits on the pharmacies they do business with. Pharmacies are capped in the amount of opioids and other controlled substances they can dispense in any given month, regardless of patient needs. A unusually large order for opioids could result in a pharmacy getting red-flagged and the order cancelled.  

‘Pendulum Swung Too Far’

The end result of all these efforts is that opioid prescribing in the U.S. has fallen by nearly 50 percent, even as drug deaths continued to climb to record levels, fueled primarily by street drugs made with illicit fentanyl. 

“It seems like the pendulum has swung too far in the other direction, where people deserving and people needing controlled substances are unable to access them,” said Colin Banas, MD, Chief Medical Officer for DrFirst, a healthcare technology consultant.  

A recent survey of 400 patients by DrFirst found that one in four (27%) had run out of medication while waiting for their prescription to be renewed. Many had to contact their pharmacy or doctor more than once to get their prescription renewed. 

Banas is concerned that DEA plans to reimpose “guardrails” on prescribing that were suspended during the pandemic will undermine telehealth and make it even harder to get controlled substances. The DEA’s proposed rules, which many consider confusing, will require patients to have an in-person meeting with a provider before being prescribed a Schedule II controlled substance like oxycodone. 

“If I need to see a pain specialist and I’m in a very rural area, and the closest doctor is 90 miles away… there’s some very legitimate concern where we might be cutting those patients off by requiring the in-person visit,” Banas told PNN. 

One of the twisted ironies of the oxycodone shortage is that 30 mg tablets that are so difficult to get from a U.S. pharmacy are widely available on the black market — but they are counterfeit. Known on the street as M-30s or Mexican Oxy, the blue pills look just like the real thing, but are made with a potentially lethal dose of illicit fentanyl. Some Mexican pharmacies are selling them to unsuspecting U.S. tourists who can’t get them at home.

The Rx Opioid Most Likely To Be Misused May Surprise You

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

For well over a decade, addiction treatment providers and public health officials have been touting the benefits of buprenorphine, an opioid that can treat both pain and addiction. When combined with naloxone in drugs like Suboxone that treat opioid use disorder (OUD), buprenorphine reduces cravings for opioids and lowers the risk of abuse.    

But a new study published in JAMA Network Open suggests that someone is far more likely to misuse buprenorphine than other opioids. In fact, the misuse rate for buprenorphine is over two times higher than misuse rates for hydrocodone, oxycodone and other opioid pain medications.

Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted the study, looking at data from nearly 215,000 people who participated in the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health from 2015 to 2019.

Respondents were asked if they misused prescription opioids “in any way that a doctor did not direct you to use them.” If they used someone else’s prescription or took opioids in greater amounts or more often than they were told by a doctor, that was considered “misuse.”

Researchers crunched the numbers and found that the vast majority of people do not misuse opioid pain medication and take it as directed. Oxycodone, for example, was misused by 12.7% of respondents who took it, followed by hydromorphone (11.8%), hydrocodone (11.6%), and prescription fentanyl (11.5%). Tramadol (7.8%) was misused the least.  

Addiction treatment drugs were misused the most. Buprenorphine was misused by 29.2% of the people who took it, followed by methadone at 22.2 percent. It’s not uncommon for someone getting OUD treatment to have relapses, so perhaps that finding is not altogether surprising.

% MISUSE RATES FOR PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS

SOURCE: JAMA NETWORK OPEN

Although buprenorphine is misused at a rate over two times higher than other opioids, researchers chose to focus on the positive: a recent downward trend in buprenorphine misuse, despite increases in the number of patients receiving buprenorphine treatment.

“In 2019, nearly three-fourths of US adults reporting past-year buprenorphine use did not misuse their prescribed buprenorphine, and most who misused reported using prescription opioids without having their own prescriptions. These findings underscore the need to pursue actions that expand access to buprenorphine-based OUD treatment, to develop strategies to monitor and reduce buprenorphine misuse,” researchers concluded.

What Is Misuse?

Every study has its flaws, and this one is no exception. Findings based on self-reported survey results are subject to poor memories, recall bias and concerns about stigma. The researchers’ broad definition of “misuse” could also result in a diagnosis of OUD when none actually exists, according to a pain management expert.

“It is not really clear what any of the data means clinically because of the very broad definition of the word misuse,” said Lynn Webster, MD, Senior Fellow at the Center for U.S. Policy (CUSP) and Chief Medical Officer of PainScript. “Behavior of taking an extra pill to control pain, despite it not being specifically directed by the prescribing provider, could be described as ‘misuse.’ This is not necessarily harmful, even if it is inappropriate. The implication is that simply taking an additional pill is an indication of OUD behavior. That would not be an appropriate characterization of the behavior. 

“In fact, the authors report the most common reason to misuse medication is to relieve pain in the OUD and non-OUD groups. This may imply that most people who are misusing their medications are experiencing undertreated pain.” 

The JAMA study is not the first to report a high rate of buprenorphine misuse. The DEA’s 2020 National Drug Threat Assessment reported that buprenorphine is misused more often than methadone or hydrocodone, and that it was poised to replace oxycodone as the most commonly misused prescription opioid. Unlike the JAMA study, the DEA said the misuse of buprenorphine was increasing, not declining.   

Are Prescription Opioids Really the Same As Heroin?

By Roger Chriss, PNN Columnist

The new HBO documentary “The Crime of the Century” is garnering a lot of attention for its take on the opioid crisis. In the documentary, Dr. Andrew Kolodny, the founder of Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing (PROP), claims that prescription opioids are “essentially heroin pills.”

This is a common claim. Dr. Corey Waller, an addiction and emergency medicine expert, recently testified in a West Virginia lawsuit that opioid drugs and heroin are "identical."

"The brain doesn't know the drug you just gave it," Waller said. "It just knows the action that it has."

But it’s not quite that simple. There are two standard ways to look at drugs: pharmacology and epidemiology. The former takes into account a drug’s chemical structure and mechanism of action in the human body. The latter looks at the public health effects of a drug.

Opioid Pharmacology

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) explains that heroin is a type of opioid made from poppy plants that is “chemically similar and can produce similar effects” as prescription pain relievers.

But chemically similar does not mean functionally identical. Small chemical differences affect how quickly a drug is absorbed, how strongly it acts and how long it remains in the body. The specific action of each opioid drug at the various mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors also varies, creating differing levels of analgesia and other effects.

For example, oxycodone’s chemical composition makes it a particularly powerful opioid.

“What's unique about oxycodone relative to other opioids is the speed at which it's presented to the brain,” anesthesiologist Dr. Heath McAnally explained in a recent MedPage Today op-ed. “And in that regard, oxycodone reigns supreme (rivaling heroin), likely having to do with the fact that oxycodone's transport across the blood-brain barrier is considerably faster and more efficient than that of other opioids.”

Further, oxycodone is more active at kappa opioid receptors, possibly explaining the harder withdrawal that some people experience. It also acts more strongly on mu receptors, which may explain its greater euphoria. Morphine, by contrast, is more prone to histamine effects like itching and is associated with less positive feelings.

The opioid tramadol is also a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, while tapentadol is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Some people do not tolerate tramadol well, and there is less abuse of tapentadol than other prescription opioids. They are very different than heroin.

Opioid Epidemiology

A 2013 study found that about 80% of heroin users first misused prescription opioids, but in more recent years heroin has become the first opioid people abuse in many cases. Heroin’s so-called “capture rate” -- a proxy for the addictiveness of a substance -- is thought to be about 25 percent.

By contrast, NIDA says about 8-12% of people on long-term prescription opioids develop some form of opioid use disorder, and less than 4% of people who misuse prescription pain medication start using heroin within five years.

Among prescription opioids, oxycodone is the most abused. According to a 2020 DEA report, the diversion and abuse of oxycodone “has become a major public health problem in recent years.”

Street prices and illicit sales are similarly revealing. Prescription opioids sold illegally are not all priced the same, nor treated with the same level of interest. There is a clear hierarchy, with oxycodone on top.

But the key driver in the overdose crisis today is illicit fentanyl made in clandestine labs and sold illegally on the street or online, often adulterating heroin or used in counterfeit oxycodone or Xanax pills.

Illicit fentanyl’s impact on the U.S. overdose crisis cannot be overstated. Other opioids, including heroin, do not come close to its level of abuse, addiction and death. Meanwhile, countries like Germany have not seen an opioid crisis, even though Germans are the second largest consumers of opioids worldwide.

It is also important to note that prescription opioids are medically essential, not only for pain management but also when sedating Covid-19 patients for ventilator use, for controlling air hunger in congestive heart failure, and for hospice and palliative care. Prescription opioids are medically useful in ways that heroin is not.

The claim that prescription opioids are identical to heroin does not hold up well. It obscures important information about opioid pharmacology and epidemiology. It may make a good soundbite, but it doesn’t shed light on the risks of opioids or how to address the overdose crisis.

Roger Chriss lives with Ehlers Danlos syndrome and is a proud member of the Ehlers-Danlos Society. Roger is a technical consultant in Washington state, where he specializes in mathematics and research. 

Abuse of Rx Opioid Painkillers Unchanged During Pandemic

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

An alarming spike in U.S. overdose deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic does not appear to be fueled by increased abuse of opioid painkillers, according to a new nationwide analysis of urine drug tests.

The Drug Enforcement Administration approved an exemption last year allowing patients to connect with doctors via telehealth – without a physical examination -- to get prescriptions for opioids and other controlled substances. While the relaxed rules made it easier for patients to get pain medication during the pandemic, they have not resulted in more diversion or abuse of oxycodone and hydrocodone, according to the Millennium Health Signals Report. Urine positivity rates for the two opioids remained flat during 2020.

“Despite the hardships faced during the pandemic, it is encouraging to see that positivity rates for non-prescribed use of hydrocodone and oxycodone have not changed,” said Michael Parr, MD, an addiction treatment specialist and consultant to Millennium.

“Patients requiring opioids for the treatment of pain have faced difficulty obtaining medications, as well as stigma, before the pandemic. Perhaps this data will reassure clinicians who have taken additional steps to safely prescribe these medications during the pandemic.”

There was an uptick in positivity rates for non-prescribed tramadol, a weaker opioid, particularly in Ohio, Tennessee and Kentucky. Millennium said there were more cases of people with substance use disorders using tramadol as their “drug of preference.”

Millennium researchers also found that positivity rates for non-prescribed gabapentin (Neurontin) showed little change in 2020 – but they remain at levels nearly three times higher than positivity rates for oxycodone, hydrocodone and tramadol. The abuse of non-prescribed gabapentin did rise significantly in Ohio and Virginia.

POSITIVITY RATES FOR NON-PRESCRIBED PAIN MEDICATIONS

SOURCE: MILLENNIUM HEALTH

SOURCE: MILLENNIUM HEALTH

The abuse of gabapentin has been going on for years, but with little public attention. Gabapentin is a non-opioid nerve medication increasingly prescribed for pain, despite the fact many patients say it doesn’t help and has too many side effects. Drug abusers, however, have found that gabapentin can heighten the effect of heroin and other street drugs.

While positivity rates for non-prescribed pain medication were mostly unchanged during the pandemic, they soared for illicit fentanyl and methamphetamine, increasing 78% and 29%, respectively.

After initially increasing in the early stages of the COVID-19 crisis, Millennium found that positivity rates for cocaine and heroin soon returned to pre-pandemic levels.

Another encouraging sign is that positivity rates for carfentanil, a deadly fentanyl analogue, have flatlined to nearly zero. It is unclear why carfentanil abuse has fallen so sharply, but Millennium said it may be because the pandemic has disrupted manufacturing and supply routes from China.     

DEA Proposes Cuts in Opioid Supply for Fifth Consecutive Year

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

For the fifth year in a row, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration is proposing significant cuts in the supply of hydrocodone, oxycodone and several other opioid pain medications classified as Schedule II controlled substances.

The cuts are partly based on a prediction by the Food and Drug Administration that medical need for the drugs will decline by over a third in 2021.

In a notice published Tuesday in the Federal Register, the DEA proposes to reduce production quotas for hydrocodone by 9 percent and oxycodone by 13 percent in 2021. The supply of hydromorphone would be reduced by nearly 20% and fentanyl by 29% next year.  

The DEA first proposed cuts in the supply of opioids during the Obama administration and the trend has accelerated under President Trump. If approved, the 2021 production quotas would amount to a 53% reduction in the supply of both hydrocodone and oxycodone since 2017.

DEA consulted with the FDA, CDC and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) before making its recommendations. The key analysis came from the FDA, which provides DEA with annual estimates of medical usage for controlled substances like opioids.

“FDA's predicted levels of medical need for the United States was expected to decline on average 36.52 percent for calendar year 2021. These declines were expected to occur across a variety of schedule II opioids including fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, codeine, and morphine,” the DEA said.

The FDA’s analysis, however, came before COVID-19 infections became widespread in the United States. That led to an increase in demand for injectable opioids used to treat seriously ill coronavirus patients on ventilators.

Faced with growing shortages of those drugs, the DEA issued an emergency order in April raising production quotas for injectable pain medications. Many of those drugs, such as injectable fentanyl and hydromorphone, are still listed on an FDA database of drug shortages.     

DEA said its production quotas for 2021 reflect an “anticipated increase in demand for opioids used to treat patients with COVID-19.”

“Despite this public health emergency, DEA remains focused on the challenges presented by opioid addiction and its effect on the health and wellbeing of the millions of Americans and their families who have become dependent upon or addicted to them. The potential for addiction and misuse exists in every community and remains a pressing health issue with significant social and economic implications,” the agency said.

As PNN has reported, prescription opioids play only a small role in the U.S. opioid epidemic. A new CDC report estimates that nearly 85% of drug overdoses in the first six months of 2019 involved illicit fentanyl, heroin and other street drugs. Prescription opioids were linked to about 20% of overdoses.

In addition to reducing the supply of opioids, the DEA is proposing a significant cut in the production quota for marijuana, which is still classified as a Schedule I controlled substance. To accommodate increased demand for marijuana research, the DEA raised the 2020 quota for marijuana to 3,200 kilograms. Those gains would be reversed in 2021, with production quotas for marijuana and marijuana extracts being reduced to 1,700 kilograms.

Public comments will be accepted on the DEA’s proposed production quotas until October 1, 2020. Comments can be made by clicking here.